TABLE 5.

The relevance of present work to the literature of dyadic process as summarized in Provenzi et al. (2018).

Dyadic concepts	The concepts’ definition provided in Provenzi et al. (2018)	The concepts’ relevance to the dyadic active inference model in our work	The concepts’ relevance to the coding system of interventions
Mutuality	Mutual contribution of the interactive partners, which might not be equal in terms of frequency and intensity of the behaviors of the two partners.	The necessity of using a dyadic model to describe and understand person-person interactions in a strongly coupled state.	Component 1 (promotion of symbiotic benevolence)
Reciprocity	Reciprocal influence between interactive partners.	The interaction at the level of nodes S and A between two partners at one moment will produce an effect on each person’s internal model at the level of node M at the next moment after the interaction.	Component 1 (promotion of symbiotic benevolence)
Attunement	Sharing of actions and intentions which includes maternal identification of infant’s inner feelings/states and infant’s comprehension that the mother is referring to his own original state.	Attunement is very similar to intersubjectivity. As the internal modal (node M) of one partner is closely related to intentions that cause actions (node A) and feelings (node S) of the other partner subsequently causes internal model (node M), attunement is achieved when the mother’s M of infant is consistent with the infant’s M of his or her own nodes S and A.	Component 1 (promotion of symbiotic benevolence)
Contingency	Reciprocal adjustment of trans-modal affective and behavioral signals within a micro-temporal window that leads to infants’ learning and regulation skills and interactive patterns.	Contingency reflects the operational working of an active inference engine in which one’s internal model is optimized. The learning occurs after encountering surprisal and using perceptual inferences to minimize variational free energy. Skills are acquired after using active inference to minimize expected free energy.	Component 2 (intervention to reduce under-coupling)
Coordination	Bidirectional rhythmic exchanges characterized by specific timing and turn taking which facilitates the reciprocal prediction of future behavioral states.	Coordination is similar to the contingency in a strongly coupled state, wherein two persons take turn to observe, mirror, and respond to one another, creating rhythmic time-contingent dynamic relationships.	Components 2 (intervention to reduce under-coupling)
Matching	Simultaneous exhibition of the same affective and/or behavioral state by the mother and the infant.	Matching occurs in a strongly coupled state, wherein one person’s node A causes the other’s node S and vice versa. Because both persons’ behavioral states (node A’s) are similar, their affective states (nodes S’s) are also similar. Matching is like simultaneous mirroring that may be more automatic or spontaneous than intentional mirroring, below.	Components 2 (intervention to reduce under-coupling)
Mirroring	Exaggerated/marked reflection of trans-modal child behaviors by the mother through imitation of affective quality reproduction in a temporally contingent way.	Mirroring is a special form of matching when matching may be more deliberately or intentionally performed than simultaneous matching. Mirroring can happen bidirectionally.	Components 2 (intervention to reduce under-coupling)
Reparation	Dyadic process in which unmatched dyadic states are transformed in matched dyadic states producing an opportunity to learn interactive strategies and to achieve better stress and emotion regulation.	Reparation is the minimization of dyadic stress by using the surprisal or prediction errors in a dyadic interaction to update the internal model(s) to minimize the surprisal in the next interaction. Because stress is proportional to the surprise, the reduction of surprise can reduce stress.	Components 1 (promotion of symbiotic benevolence) and 2 (intervention to reduce under-coupling)
Synchrony	Degree of congruence between trans-modal behaviors of two partners which is lagged in time and which promotes infants’ learning of emotional regulation skills and the emergence of expectations on interactive repertoires.	Synchrony indexed by any observable indicators may reflect the degree of intersubjectivity as conceptualized in our dyadic model.	Components 1 (promotion of symbiotic benevolence) and 2 (intervention to reduce under-coupling)