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. 2022 Jul 29;13:962912. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.962912

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Copyright © 2022 Yero, Shi, Routy, Tremblay, Durand, Costiniuk and Jenabian

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Effect of early ART initiation on CD8⁺CD28^-PD-1⁺ and CD8⁺CD28^-CD39⁺ T-cells. Gating strategies used in flow cytometry to define CD8⁺CD28^-PD-1⁺ and CD8⁺CD28^-CD39⁺ (A). Frequencies of CD8⁺CD28^-PD-1⁺ (B) and CD8⁺CD28^-CD39⁺ (C) within CD8 T-cells. Statistical significance is indicated in the figures as follow: *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001; ****, P < 0.0001. Differences among five study groups was determined by nonparametric Mann-Whitney rank test for unpaired variables, while the Wilcoxon rank tests were used for paired variables in the longitudinal study. Sample size in cross-sectional analysis: non-infected n=20, Acute n=26, Chronic ART- n=10, Chronic ART+ n=11, EC n=18. Sample size in longitudinal analysis: non-infected n=20, ART- n=10, ART+ n=10.