Table 1.
Demographics and characteristics of the study subjects according to the HBV and HCV status (N = 2,416).
| Variable | Total | None | HBV only | HCV only | HBV and HCV | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of subjects | 2,416 | 1,868 | 213 | 306 | 29 | |
| Female sex | 1,525 (63.1) | 1,160 (62.1) | 138 (64.8) | 210 (68.6) | 17 (58.6) | 0.149 |
| Age, years | 64.1 ± 14.9 | 63.3 ± 15.6 | 61.1 ± 12.3 | 70.8 ± 10.0a,b | 67.9 ± 10.1 | <0.001 |
| Age groups | <0.001 | |||||
| <40 years | 214 (8.9) | 199 (10.7) | 14 (6.6) | 0 (0.0)a,b | 1 (3.4)c | |
| 40–64 years | 846 (35.0) | 653 (35.0) | 104 (48.8)a | 81 (26.5)a,b | 8 (27.6) | |
| ≥65 years | 1,356 (56.1) | 1,016 (54.4) | 95 (44.6)a | 225 (73.5)a,b | 20 (69.0) | |
| Education level, years | 6.5 ± 5.4 | 6.9 ± 5.5 | 7.7 ± 5.0 | 3.9 ± 4.2a,b | 3.8 ± 4.4a,b,c | <0.001 |
| Dietary behavior | ||||||
| Vegetable intake ≥3 portions per day | 1,608 (66.6) | 1,279 (68.5) | 140 (65.7) | 173 (56.5)a | 16 (55.2) | <0.001 |
| Fruit intake ≥2 portions per day | 1,351 (55.9) | 1,079 (57.8) | 118 (55.4) | 140 (45.8)a | 14 (48.3) | 0.001 |
| Water intake ≥1,500 cc per day | 1,417 (58.7) | 1,139 (61.0) | 118 (55.4) | 145 (47.4)a | 15 (51.7) | <0.001 |
| Irregular exercise | 1,679 (69.5) | 1,295 (69.3) | 145 (68.1) | 220 (71.9) | 19 (65.5) | 0.735 |
| Substance use | ||||||
| Smoking | 433 (17.9) | 332 (17.8) | 37 (17.4) | 58 (19.0) | 6 (20.7) | 0.931 |
| Betel nut chewing | 225 (9.3) | 164 (8.8) | 14 (6.6) | 43 (14.1)a,b | 4 (13.8) | 0.010 |
| Alcoholic drinking | 243 (10.1) | 183 (9.8) | 29 (13.6) | 29 (9.5) | 2 (6.9) | 0.314 |
| Data of metabolic syndrome (MetS) | ||||||
| Waist circumference (WC), cm | 84.80 ± 10.8 | 84.76 ± 10.9 | 84.3 ± 10.7 | 85.2 ± 10.0 | 86.8 ± 10.8 | 0.564 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 134.74 ± 20.3 | 134.66 ± 20.1 | 131.6 ± 21.0 | 137.0 ± 21.2b | 139.3 ± 16.3 | 0.017 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 81.7 ± 12.3 | 81.8 ± 12.2 | 82.3 ± 13.1 | 80.4 ± 12.6 | 81.5 ± 11.9 | 0.270 |
| High-density lipoprotein, mg/dl | 51.0 ± 13.2 | 51.2 ± 13.0 | 52.9 ± 13.5 | 49.1 ± 13.9b | 51.0 ± 15.4 | 0.011 |
| Glycosylated hemoglobin, mg/dl | 6.09 ± 1.07 | 6.08 ± 1.04 | 6.00 ± 1.03 | 6.26 ± 1.25a,b | 6.10 ± 0.87 | 0.028 |
| Triglyceride, mg/dl | 137.6 ± 95.9 | 140.1 ± 98.7 | 117.8 ± 82.1a | 137.4 ± 87.5 | 121.4 ± 73.1 | 0.011 |
| Metabolic syndrome (MetS) | 1,262 (52.2) | 973 (52.1) | 89 (41.8)a | 180 (58.8)b | 20 (69.0)b | <0.001 |
| Liver and renal function | ||||||
| AST, U/L | 25.9 ± 13.8 | 24.8 ± 11.6 | 26.9 ± 11.2 | 29.8 ± 21.3a | 46.1 ± 32.7a,b,c | <0.001 |
| ALT, U/L | 24.2 ± 19.1 | 23.4 ± 18.6 | 25.9 ± 17.7 | 26.1 ± 21.2 | 41.2 ± 29.7a,b,c | <0.001 |
| ALT/AST ratio | 0.90 ± 0.34 | 0.91 ± 0.34 | 0.94 ± 0.34 | 0.86 ± 0.29a,b | 0.92 ± 0.26 | 0.036 |
| ALT/AST >1 | 666 (27.6) | 525 (28.1) | 61 (28.6) | 69 (22.5) | 11 (37.9) | 0.121 |
Data were presented as mean ± standard deviation or frequency and percentage. “a,” “b,” and “c” indicate significant differences versus the “None”, “HBV only,” and “HCV only” groups in the Bonferroni multiple comparison, respectively.
HBV, hepatitis B virus; HCV, hepatitis C virus; BMI, body mass index; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate.