Table 2.

Demographics and characteristics of the study subjects according to the status of MetS (N = 2,416).

Variable	MetS	Non-MetS	p
Number of subjects	1,262	1,154
Female sex	803 (63.6)	722 (62.6)	0.588
Age, years	67.0 ± 12.8	61.0 ± 16.4	<0.001
Age groups			<0.001
<40 years	51 (4.0)	163 (14.1)
40–64 years	408 (32.3)	438 (38.0)
≥65 years	803 (63.6)	553 (47.9)
Education level, years	5.5 ± 5.1	7.7 ± 5.6	<0.001
Dietary behavior
Vegetable intake ≥3 portions per day	820 (65.0)	788 (68.3)	0.085
Fruit intake ≥2 portions per day	671 (53.2)	680 (58.9)	0.004
Water intake ≥1,500 cc per day	743 (58.9)	674 (58.4)	0.815
Irregular exercise	899 (71.2)	780 (67.6)	0.052
Substance use
Smoking	236 (18.7)	197 (17.1)	0.297
Betel nut chewing	140 (11.1)	85 (7.4)	0.002
Alcoholic drinking	129 (10.2)	114 (9.9)	0.779
Data of metabolic syndrome (MetS)
Waist circumference (WC), cm	89.9 ± 9.3	79.2 ± 9.4	<0.001
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg	141.5 ± 19.0	127.4 ± 19.1	<0.001
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg	84.4 ± 12.4	78.6 ± 11.5	<0.001
High-density lipoprotein, mg/dl	45.5 ± 11.5	57.2 ± 12.2	<0.001
Glycosylated hemoglobin, mg/dl	6.4 ± 1.2	5.7 ± 0.78	<0.001
Triglyceride, mg/dl	175.0 ± 111.1	96.6 ± 50.4	<0.001
Liver and renal function
AST, U/L	27.4 ± 15.8	24.2 ± 11.0	<0.001
ALT, U/L	27.1 ± 21.0	21.0 ± 16.2	<0.001
ALT/AST >1	431 (34.2)	235 (20.4)	<0.001
HBV and HCV status			<0.001
None	973 (77.1)	895 (77.6)
HBV only	89 (7.1)	124 (10.7)
HCV only	180 (14.3)	126 (10.9)
HBV and HCV	20 (1.6)	9 (0.78)

Data were presented as mean ± standard deviation or frequency and percentage.

MetS, metabolic syndrome; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HBV, hepatitis B virus; HCV, hepatitis C virus.