Table 3.
Association between demographics/characteristics and the risk of metabolic syndrome (N = 2,416).
| Univariate analysis | Multivariable analysis a | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p |
| Female sex | 1.05 (0.89–1.24) | 0.588 | ||
| Age, years | 1.028 (1.022–1.034) | <0.001 | 1.02 (1.01–1.03) | <0.001 |
| Education level, years | 0.93 (0.91–0.94) | <0.001 | 0.96 (0.94–0.98) | <0.001 |
| Vegetable intake ≥3 portions per day | 0.86 (0.73–1.02) | 0.085 | 1.19 (0.92–1.55) | 0.189 |
| Fruit intake ≥2 portions per day | 0.79 (0.67–0.93) | 0.004 | 0.82 (0.63–1.05) | 0.114 |
| Water intake ≥1,500 cc per day | 1.02 (0.87–1.20) | 0.815 | ||
| Irregular exercise | 1.187 (0.998–1.412) | 0.052 | 1.12 (0.93–1.35) | 0.227 |
| Smoking | 1.12 (0.91–1.38) | 0.297 | ||
| Betel nut chewing | 1.57 (1.18–2.08) | 0.002 | 1.41 (1.05–1.90) | 0.021 |
| Alcoholic drinking | 1.04 (0.80–1.35) | 0.779 | ||
| AST, U/L | 1.02 (1.01–1.03) | <0.001 | ||
| ALT, U/L | 1.022 (1.016–1.028) | <0.001 | ||
| ALT/AST >1 b | 2.03 (1.69–2.44) | <0.001 | 2.63 (2.15–3.21) | <0.001 |
| HBV and HCV status | ||||
| None | Reference | Reference | ||
| HBV only | 0.66 (0.50–0.88) | 0.005 | 0.70 (0.52–0.95) | 0.021 |
| HCV only | 1.314 (1.028–1.679) | 0.029 | 1.03 (0.79–1.33) | 0.836 |
| HBV and HCV | 2.04 (0.93–4.51) | 0.077 | 1.52 (0.67–3.43) | 0.312 |
OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; BMI, body mass index; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HBV, hepatitis B virus; HCV, hepatitis C virus.
a
Those variables whose significant levels were less than 0.15 were further included in the multivariable logistic regression model.
b
Among the indicators of liver function (AST, ALT, ALT/AST ratio, and ALT/AST ratio >1), ALT/AST ratio >1 was chosen in the multivariable model to prevent the problem of multicollinearity.