Table 4.
The BCW intervention functions and BCTs evident in the included studies.
| BCW Intervention Function and definition | BCT and studies | Number of studies including BCTs |
|---|---|---|
| Education (Increasing knowledge or |
2.2 Feedback on behavior (Neuhaus et al., 2014; De Cocker et al., 2016; Maylor et al., 2018) | 3 |
| understanding) | 5.1 Information about health consequences (Chau et al., 2014; Neuhaus et al., 2014; Puig-Ribera et al., 2015; De Cocker et al., 2016; Healy et al., 2016; Danquah et al., 2017; Edwardson et al., 2018; Maylor et al., 2018; Blake et al., 2019; Mantzari et al., 2019; Carter et al., 2020; Lithopoulos et al., 2020; Rollo and Prapavessis, 2020; Weatherson et al., 2020; Patel et al., 2021) | 15 |
| 7.1 Prompts/cues (Neuhaus et al., 2014; Danquah et al., 2017; Maylor et al., 2018; Carter et al., 2020; Rollo and Prapavessis, 2020) | 5 | |
| Persuasion | 5.1 Information about health consequences (Blake et al., 2019; Patel et al., 2021) | 2 |
| (Using communication to induce positive or negative feelings or stimulate action) | 9.1 Credible source (Healy et al., 2016; Edwardson et al., 2018; Blake et al., 2019) | 3 |
| Incentivization (Creating an expectation of reward) |
10.3 Non-specific reward (Coffeng et al., 2014) | 1 |
| Training (Imparting skills) | 2.2 Feedback on behavior (Chau et al., 2014; Healy et al., 2016; Edwardson et al., 2018; Blake et al., 2019) | 4 |
| 2.3 Self-monitoring of behavior (Healy et al., 2016) | 1 | |
| 2.7 Feedback on outcomes(s) of behavior (Healy et al., 2016) | 1 | |
| 4.1 Instruction on how to perform the behavior (Chau et al., 2014; Coffeng et al., 2014; Dutta et al., 2014; Neuhaus et al., 2014; Graves et al., 2015; Puig-Ribera et al., 2015; De Cocker et al., 2016; Healy et al., 2016; Tobin et al., 2016; Danquah et al., 2017; Li et al., 2017; Dunning et al., 2018; Edwardson et al., 2018; Maylor et al., 2018; Blake et al., 2019; Mantzari et al., 2019; Pierce et al., 2019; Carter et al., 2020; Rollo and Prapavessis, 2020; Weatherson et al., 2020; Patel et al., 2021) | 21 | |
| 6.1 Demonstration of the behavior (Graves et al., 2015; Healy et al., 2016; Danquah et al., 2017; Li et al., 2017; Blake et al., 2019; Mantzari et al., 2019; Patel et al., 2021) | 7 | |
| 8.1 Behavioral practice/rehearsal (Patel et al., 2021) | 1 | |
| 8.2 Behavior substitution (Dunning et al., 2018; Mantzari et al., 2019) | 2 | |
| 8.3 Habit formation (Blake et al., 2019) | 1 | |
| 8.7 Graded task (Puig-Ribera et al., 2015; Blake et al., 2019) | 2 | |
| Enablement (Increasing means/reducing barriers to increase capability or opportunity) |
1.1 Goal setting (behavior) (Coffeng et al., 2014; Dutta et al., 2014; Neuhaus et al., 2014; Puig-Ribera et al., 2015; De Cocker et al., 2016; Healy et al., 2016; Danquah et al., 2017; Edwardson et al., 2018; Maylor et al., 2018) | 9 |
| 1.2 Problem solving (Neuhaus et al., 2014; Puig-Ribera et al., 2015; De Cocker et al., 2016; Healy et al., 2016; Edwardson et al., 2018; Maylor et al., 2018; Rollo and Prapavessis, 2020; Patel et al., 2021) |
8 | |
| 1.4 Action planning (De Cocker et al., 2016; Healy et al., 2016; Li et al., 2017; Edwardson et al., 2018; Rollo and Prapavessis, 2020) | 5 | |
| 1.5 Review behavior goal(s) (Coffeng et al., 2014; Neuhaus et al., 2014; Puig-Ribera et al., 2015; Healy et al., 2016; Edwardson et al., 2018; Maylor et al., 2018) | 6 | |
| 2.3 Self-monitoring of behavior (Puig-Ribera et al., 2015; Edwardson et al., 2018; Patel et al., 2021) | 3 | |
| 3.1 Social support (unspecified) (Coffeng et al., 2014; Neuhaus et al., 2014; Puig-Ribera et al., 2015; De Cocker et al., 2016; Healy et al., 2016; Danquah et al., 2017; Li et al., 2017; Edwardson et al., 2018; Maylor et al., 2018; Carter et al., 2020; Rollo and Prapavessis, 2020) | 11 | |
| 3.2 Social support (practical) (Blake et al., 2019) | 1 | |
| 8.2 Behavior substitution (Edwardson et al., 2018; Patel et al., 2021) | 2 | |
| 8.3 Habit formation (Li et al., 2017) | 1 | |
| 8.7 Graded tasks (Puig-Ribera et al., 2015) | 1 | |
| 12.1 Restructuring the physical environment (Chau et al., 2014; Healy et al., 2016; Li et al., 2017; Carter et al., 2020) | 4 | |
| 12.5 Adding objects to the environment (Chau et al., 2014; Coffeng et al., 2014; Puig-Ribera et al., 2015; Healy et al., 2016; Danquah et al., 2017; Li et al., 2017; Maylor et al., 2018; Carter et al., 2020; Rollo and Prapavessis, 2020) | 9 | |
| Modeling (Providing an example for people to aspire to or imitate) | 6.1 Demonstration of the behavior (Healy et al., 2016; Danquah et al., 2017; Blake et al., 2019; Mantzari et al., 2019; Patel et al., 2021) | 5 |
| Environmental restructuring (Changing the physical or social context) | 7.1 Prompts/cues (Coffeng et al., 2014; Dutta et al., 2014; Neuhaus et al., 2014; Puig-Ribera et al., 2015; De Cocker et al., 2016; Healy et al., 2016; Danquah et al., 2017; Li et al., 2017; Dunning et al., 2018; Edwardson et al., 2018; Maylor et al., 2018; Blake et al., 2019; Rollo and Prapavessis, 2020; Patel et al., 2021) | 14 |
| 12.1 Restructuring the physical environment (Chau et al., 2014; Coffeng et al., 2014; Dutta et al., 2014; Neuhaus et al., 2014; Graves et al., 2015; Puig-Ribera et al., 2015; De Cocker et al., 2016; Healy et al., 2016; Tobin et al., 2016; Danquah et al., 2017; Li et al., 2017; Dunning et al., 2018; Maylor et al., 2018; Blake et al., 2019; Mantzari et al., 2019; Pierce et al., 2019; Carter et al., 2020; Weatherson et al., 2020; Patel et al., 2021) | 19 | |
| 12.2 Restructuring the social environment (Blake et al., 2019) | 1 | |
| 12.5 Adding objects to the environment (Chau et al., 2014; Coffeng et al., 2014; Dutta et al., 2014; Neuhaus et al., 2014; Graves et al., 2015; Puig-Ribera et al., 2015; Healy et al., 2016; Tobin et al., 2016; Danquah et al., 2017; Li et al., 2017; Dunning et al., 2018; Edwardson et al., 2018; Maylor et al., 2018; Blake et al., 2019; Mantzari et al., 2019; Pierce et al., 2019; Carter et al., 2020; Rollo and Prapavessis, 2020; Weatherson et al., 2020; Patel et al., 2021) | 20 | |
| Restrictions (Using rules to reduce the opportunity to engage in the target behavior) | Not used | - |
| Coercion (Creating an expectation of punishment or cost) | Not used | - |