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. 2022 Jul 29;13:954123. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.954123

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Copyright © 2022 Shrestha, Agunos, Gow, Deckert and Varga.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Significant associations between antimicrobial use via a specific route for a specific disease and resistance to antimicrobial classes in E. coli isolates (n = 1,317) of turkeys. Any antimicrobial class used on the Canadian turkey flocks was included in the multivariable mixed-effects logistic regression model with flocks, years, and sampling networks included as random intercepts. The figure included only significant associations determined. The x-axes show an odds ratio (OR) that is represented as a point and the line represents the 95% Confidence Intervals. The y-axes with “(YS)” represent yolk saculitis, “(ED)” – enteric diseases, and “(LS)” – late-stage septicemia.