TABLE 1.

The changes of gut microbiota composition caused by alcohol.

Study	Experimental subject	Changes of microbiota	References
Chronic alcohol overconsumption:twenty-four patients, mean age 64.8 years (19 males), with alcohol overconsumption for > 10 years.	Human	Proteobacteria↑; Actinobacteria↓ (the phylum level). Clostridia↓ (the class level). Sutterella, Holdemania, Clostridium↑; Faecalibacterium↓ (the genera level).	Bjørkhaug et al., 2019
(1) ALD (n = 19):patients have a regular drinking history of at least 10 years and ALD; (2) Alcoholics without liver disease:patients have only a regular drinking history of at least 10 years.	Human	Proteobacteria, Firmicutes↑; Bacteroidetes, Verrucomicrobia↓ (the phylum level). Gammaproteobacteria class↑; Clostridia class, Bacteroidetes class, Verrucomicrobiae class↓ (the class level).	Mutlu et al., 2012
(1) Cirrhotic/healthy patients; (2) Alcoholic cirrhotic/healthy patients; (3) Hepititis B virus cirrhosis/alcoholic cirrhotic patients.	Human	Proteobacteria, Firmicutes phylum, Fusobacteria↑; Bacteroidetes↓ (the phylum level). Gammaproteobacteria class, Bacilli class, Clostridia class, Fusobacteria class↑; Bacteroidetes class↓ (the class level). Enterobacteriaceae family, Streptococcaceae family, Veillonellaceae family, Prevotellaceae family↑;Lachnospiraceae family↓ (the famliy level).	Chen et al., 2011
Alcohol dependence (review)	Human	Lachnospiraceae, Incertae Sedis XIV↑; Ruminococcaceae, Incertae Sedis XIII↓ (the family level). Blautia, Megasphaera, Dorea; Ruminococcus, Faecalibacterium, Subdoligranulum, Oscillibacter, Anaerofilum, Clostridia↓ (the genera level). F. prausnitzii, Bifidobacterium↓ (the species level)	Leclercq et al., 2017
Patients are the presence of alcohol dependence syndrome and the alcohol abuse history of at least 8 years.	Human	Klebsiella, Lactococcus, Akkermansia↑; Clostridiales, Coprococcus↓ (the genera level).	Dubinkina et al., 2017
Patients are the presence of the alcoholic liver cirrhosis and alcohol abuse history.	Human	Bifidobacterium, Streptococcus↑; Acidaminococcus, Alistipes, Anaerotruncus, Barnesiella, Clostridiales, Coprococcus, Faecalibacterium, Odoribacter, Paraprevotella, Ruminococcaceae, Tannerella↓ (the genera level).
5% alcoholic solution for a week, 10% alcohol solution for the second week, 20% alcohol solution for the third week, 35% alcohol solution for the fourth week; 0.2 ml per day, and week-related alcohol solution is added into their drinking water.	Mice	Actinobateria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes↑; Proteobacteria↓ (the phylum level). Erythrobacter, Erysipelotrichia↑; Lactobacillus (or Sporolactobacillus), Allobaculum↓ (the genera level).	Xiao et al., 2018
0.2 ml donor stool supernatant (alcohol-exposed mice) for one time per day, totally 14 days.	Mice	Erysipelotrichia, Erysipelotrichaceae, Erysipelotrichales, Blautia↑; Lactobacillaceae, Lactobacillus, Lactobacillales, Bacilli, Bacteroides, Parabacteroides, Alloprevotella↓(the genera level)
Mice are fed a normal diet and 0.3 mL of double-distilled water twice a day, totally 14 days. On the thirteen day, after 6 h of fasting, received 50% (vol/vol) ethanol by oral gavage at a total cumulative dosage of 7.3 g/kg of BW in three equal doses administered at 1-h intervals.	Mice	Actinobateria, verrucomicrobia↑; Firmicutes↓(the phylum level). Bacteroidales, Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, AKKermansia, Alloprevotella, Alistipes↑; Lactobacillus, Escherichia-Shigella, Turicibacter↓(the genera level).	Ming et al., 2020
Ethanol dose, 29% of total caloric intake is set at 533 Cal/kg (one day, one week, or three weeks of intragastric alcohol feeding).	Mice	Verrucomicrobia, Bacteroidetes↑;Firmicutes↓ (the phylum level). Bacteroidetes class↑ (the class level). Porphyromonadaceae family↑(the family level). Bacteroides genus, Akkermansia genus↑; Lactococcus, Pediococcus, Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc genus↓ (the genera level).	Yan et al., 2011
Administered with 4% alcohol (0.8 g/kg body weight, vehicle group) one week.	Mice	Firmicutes↑, Bacteroidetes↓(the phylum level). Akkermansia muciniphila, Barnesiella, intestinihominis↑; Muribaculum intestinale, Turicibacter sanguinis↓ (the species level).	Lee et al., 2020
Home-cage 2-bottle “EtOH (10% v/v) vs. water” choice regimen with unlimited access for 24 h/day for 3 (T1), 6 (T2), and 12 (T3) consecutive months.	Rat	Erysipelotrichaceae, Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae, Streptococcaceae↑; Porphyromonadaceae, Veillonellaceae, Bacteroidaceae, Paraprevotellaceae, Lachnospiraceae, Clostridiaceae↓ (the family level). Turicibacter, Ruminococcus, Anaerostipes, Coprococcus, Anaerostipes, Streptococcus↑; Butyricimonas, Veillonella, Parabacteroides, Bacteroides, Prevotella, Lachnospira, Clostridium↓ (the genera level).	Posteraro et al., 2018