TABLE 1.
Characteristics of all studies included in this study (n = 59).
| References | Study location | Sample sizea | Sex ratio (male/female) | Sample age (years)b in Survey Year | Sample characteristics (follow-up status for longitudinal studies) | Result of risk bias evaluationc |
| Prospective study | ||||||
| Hillhouse et al. (27) | America | 46 | 31/15 | 30.6 ± 4.7 | Residents (first residency year at beginning, and followed up with four repeated measures for one year and a half.) | 7 |
| Sørengaard et al. (21) | Norway | 1688 | 174/1815 | 38.0 ± 8.3 | Nurses (followed up with three repeated measure from 2012 to 2014) | 8 |
| Wang et al. (28) | China | 1531 | 12/1496 (12 missing) | / | Nurses (not mentioned) | 6 |
| Fang et al. (29) | America | 1269 | 919/1196 | 27.46 ± 2.43 | Interns (Conducted the first survey before the internship initiated. In addition, followed up in the average of 17 (± 12) and 115 (± 111) days for tow repeated measures.) | 8 |
| Cross-sectional studies | ||||||
| Ruggiero et al. (30) | America | 128 | 0/402 | 44.9 ± 8.3 | Female nurses | 7 |
| Lu et al. (33) | Philippines | 135 | 20/105 | 32.28 | Nurses | 3 |
| Peterson et al. (32) | Sweden | 3719 | / | 47.0 ± 9.0 | HCWs | 8 |
| Rutledge et al. (33) | America | 185 | / | 27.9 ± 2.0/29.4 ± 2.0/35.9 ± 5.6 | Physician | 6 |
| Stucky et al. (34) | America | 304 | 98/206 | 30.2 ± 4.5/39.3 ± 9.8 | Physician and Nurses | 6 |
| Sun et al. (35) | China | 1134 | 539/595 | 46.8 ± 11.09/46.7 ± 10.85 | Doctors | 6 |
| Aldrees et al. (36) | Saudi Arabia | 348 | 250/98 | 35 ± 9.8 | Resident physician | 7 |
| Yost et al. (22) | America | 48 | 32/16 | 30.90 ± 3.40 | Osteopathic otolaryngology residents | 6 |
| Chin et al. (37) | China | 1084 | 0/1084 | 31.9 ± 8.0 | Nurses | 6 |
| Qiao et al. (38) | China | 492 | 147/345 | 33.77 ± 8.63 | HIV/AIDS healthcare workers | 7 |
| Koyama et al. (39) | Japan | 4737 | 1098/3639 | / | HCWs | 8 |
| Vilchez-Cornejo et al. (40) | Peru | 402 | 212/190 | / | Medical Internships | 6 |
| Cai et al. (41) | China | 1608 | 0/1608 | 32.25 ± 8.55 | Female medical personnel | 8 |
| Vidotti et al. (42) | Brazil | 502 | 48/454 | / | Nurses | 8 |
| Wang et al. (43) | China | 1044 | 94/950 | / | Nurses | 7 |
| Ibrahim et al. (44) | Saudi Arabia | 977 | 6/971 | 32.0 ± 7.0 | Nurses | 8 |
| Dai et al. (45) | China | 865 | 17/848 | 32.49 ± 10.35/28.33 ± 5.76 | Nurses | 9 |
| Ghasemi et al. (46) | Iran | 162 | 28/134 | 32.1 ± 7.5 | Nurses | 5 |
| Aydin Sayilan et al. (47) | Turkey | 267 | 66/201 | 28.03 ± 5.99 | Nurses (during COVID-19 pandemic) | 9 |
| Youssef et al. (48) | Egypt | 540 | 294/246 | 37.30 ± 9.20 | HCWs (during COVID-19 pandemic) | 4 |
| Yin et al. (49) | China | 371 | 143/228 | 35.30 ± 9.48 | HCWs (during COVID-19 pandemic) | 5 |
| Weaver et al. (4) | America | 1141 | / | / | HCWs | 5 |
| Ji et al. (50) | China | 380 | 79/301 | 28.1 ± 3.9 | Pediatrics residents | 8 |
| Furihata et al. (51) | Japan | 2482 | 0/2482 | 31.2 ± 8.9 | Nurses | 9 |
| Cheng et al. (52) | China | 534 | 94/440 | / | HCWs (during COVID-19 pandemic) | 5 |
| Higgins et al. (53) | America | 274 | 24/250 | 26.0-35.0 | Nurses | 9 |
| Ng et al. (54) | China | 447 | 252/195 | 34.1 ± 6.0 | Doctors | 8 |
| Ding et al. (55) | China | 1068 | 0/1068 | 32.0 ± 8.0 | Female nurses | 7 |
| Eva et al. (56) | Spain | 511 | 114/397 | 40.92 ± 9.23 | HCWs | 4 |
| Tu et al. (57) | China | 100 | 0/100 | 34.44 ± 5.85 | HCWs (during COVID-19 pandemic) | 6 |
| Magnavita et al. (58) | Italy | 592 | 175/417 | / | HCWs (during COVID-19 pandemic) | 9 |
| Cross-sectional studies | ||||||
| Korkmaz et al. (59) | Turkey | 140 | 61/79 | 35.6 ± 8.7/30.7 ± 6.2 | HCWs (during COVID-19 pandemic) | 4 |
| Secosan et al. (60) | Romania | 126 | 45/81 | / | HCWs (during COVID-19 pandemic) | 8 |
| Teo et al. (61) | Singapore | 122 | 32/90 | 34 (21,73) | HCWs (during COVID-19 pandemic) | 9 |
| Tasdemir et al. (62) | Turkey | 435 | 191/244 | 36.76 ± 7.58 | HCWs (during COVID-19 pandemic) | 6 |
| Wang et al. (63) | China | 562 | 118/444 | 35.00 (34.00, 36.00) | Nurses (during COVID-19 pandemic) | 9 |
| Mousavi et al. (64) | Iran | 321 | 84/236 | 33.5 ± 7.65 | HCWs (during COVID-19 pandemic) | 5 |
| Simonetti et al. (65) | Italy | 1005 | 342/663 | 40.2 ± 10.80 | Nurses (during COVID-19 pandemic) | 7 |
| Zhang et al. (13) | America | 1060 | 372/689 | 47.28 ± 11.96 | HCWs | 6 |
| Zhang et al. (66) | China | 401 | 124/277 | / | HCWs (during COVID-19 pandemic) | 8 |
| Yitayih et al. (67) | Ethiopia | 249 | 118/131 | 27.40 ± 4.10 | HCWs (during COVID-19 pandemic) | 6 |
| Chen et al. (68) | China | 597 | 72/525 | 35 | HCWs (during COVID-19 pandemic) | 5 |
| Kandemir et al. (69) | Turkey | 194 | 56/138 | 29.99 ± 7.12 | Nurses (during COVID-19 pandemic) | 5 |
| Aydin et al. (70) | Turkey | 1011 | 332/679 | 35.67 ± 8.61 | HCWs | 8 |
| Chang et al. (71) | China | 1230 | 391/839 | 26.07 (25.88, 26.25)/25.99 (25.79, 26.20) | Resident physician | 10 |
| Mokros et al. (72) | Poland | 54 | 16/38 | 34.81 ± 11.41/39.39 ± 12.10 | Physical therapists | 3 |
| Abdelghani et al. (73) | Egypt | 218 | 62/156 | 39.5 ± 8.5 | HCWs (during COVID-19 pandemic) | 6 |
| Abu-Elenin (74) | Egypt | 237 | 138/99 | 38.2 ± 6.2 | Physicians (during COVID-19 pandemic) | 6 |
| Pang et al. (18) | China‘ | 282 | 32/250 | 31.61 ± 7.60 | Nurses (during COVID-19 pandemic) | 7 |
| Abbas et al. (75) | Egypt | 381 | 162/219 | 29.47 ± 5.49 | ICU HCWs | 8 |
| Olagunju et al. (76) | Canada | 303 | 183/120 | 38.8 ± 8.9 | HCWs (during COVID-19 pandemic) | 4 |
| Hsieh et al. (77) | China | 248 | 0/248 | 32.98 ± 8.25 | Psychiatric Nurses | 8 |
| Jiang et al. (78) | China | 569 | 228/341 | 34.0 ± 8.0 | HCWs (during COVID-19 pandemic) | 8 |
| Geng et al. (79) | China | 317 | 96/221 | / | HCWs (during COVID-19 pandemic) | 8 |
| Garcia et al. (80) | America | 389 | 32/360 | 39.54 ± 11.15 | Nurses | 6 |
aThe final sample size in the cohort; bAge: −x or−x ± s or Median (interquartile range, IQR); cThe Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS) evaluated cohort-study. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) evaluated the cross-sectional study; /: Not reported; HCWs: Healthcare workers.