Radiochemical yields at different ligand concentrations. (a) RCYs of 225Ac3+ radiolabeling (25 °C for py-macrodipa, macropa, 40 °C for macrodipa, and 80 °C for DOTA; pH 5.5–6; 60 min reaction time). (b) RCYs of 213Bi3+ labeling (25 °C for macrodipa, py-macrodipa, macropa and 95 °C for DOTA; pH 5.5–6; 6–8 min reaction time). Error bars represent the standard deviations. The 213Bi3+ data with macropa and DOTA was taken from Ref 21.