Table 1. Characteristics of cases compared to controls.
| Study population N = 49 |
Cases n = 35 |
Controls n = 14 |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Female | 25 (51%) | 19 (54%) | 6 (43%) |
| Race/ethnicity | |||
| White | 23 (47%) | 13 (37%) | 10 (71%) |
| Hispanic | 14 (29%) | 12 (34%) | 2 (14%) |
| Asian | 7 (14%) | 5 (14%) | 2 (14%) |
| Black | 4 (8%) | 4 (11%) | 0 (0%) |
| Other | 1 (2%) | 1 (3%) | 0 (0%) |
| Age (years) | 9.5 (4.9) | 9.9 (4.4) | 8.6 (6.1) |
| Height (cm) | 129.8 (31.4) | 131.5 (25.3) | 125.4 (43.9) |
| Weight (kg) | 36.4 (19.9) | 38.0 (19.7) | 32.4 (20.8) |
| Body mass index (kg/m2)* | 19.8 (5.0) | 20.6 (5.5) | 18.0 (2.4) |
| Obesity | 11 (22%) | 10 (29%) | 1 (7%) |
| Systolic BP (mmHg)* | 147.1 (24.6) | 156.0 (21.2) | 124.9 (17.5) |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg)* | 94.9 (22.4) | 102.4 (20.9) | 76.6 (14.2) |
| CKD | 14 (29%) | 10 (29%) | 4 (29%) |
| Dialysis | 8 (16%) | 5 (14%) | 3 (21%) |
| Diagnoses | |||
| Solid organ transplant | 19 (39%) | 11 (31%) | 8 (57%) |
| Other | 11 (22%) | 8 (23%) | 3 (21%) |
| Stem cell transplant | 5 (10%) | 3 (9%) | 2 (14%) |
| Systemic lupus erythematosus | 5 (10%) | 4 (11%) | 1 (7%) |
| Blood malignancy | 4 (8%) | 4 (11%) | 0 (0%) |
| Solid organ malignancy | 3 (6%) | 3 (9%) | 0 (0%) |
| Glomerulonephritis | 1 (2%) | 1 (2%) | 0 (0%) |
| Hemolytic uremic syndrome | 1 (2%) | 1 (3%) | 0 (0%) |
| Known risk factors | |||
| Steroids | 36 (73%) | 28 (80%) | 8 (57%) |
| HTN* | 35 (71%) | 34 (97%) | 9 (64%) |
| Calcineurin inhibitors | 27 (55%) | 17 (49%) | 10 (71%) |
| Fluid overload | 18 (37%) | 14 (40%) | 4 (29%) |
| Monoclonal antibodies | 13 (27%) | 10 (29%) | 3 (21%) |
| Anti-HTN medication | 35 (71%) | 26 (74%) | 9 (64%) |
| Calcium channel blocker | 22 (45%) | 15 (43%) | 7 (50%) |
| Diuretic | 21 (42%) | 17 (48%) | 4 (28%) |
| Alpha agonist | 13 (27%) | 10 (29%) | 3 (21%) |
| ACE inhibitor | 8 (16%) | 7 (20%) | 1 (7%) |
| Beta blocker | 7 (14%) | 6 (17%) | 1 (7%) |
| Other | 6 (12%) | 5 (14%) | 1 (7%) |
| ARB | 2 (4%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (14%) |
| Albumin supplementation | 10 (20%) | 7 (20%) | 3 (21%) |
| Blood transfusion | 5 (10%) | 4 (11%) | 1 (7%) |
| Iron | 7 (14%) | 4 (11%) | 3 (21%) |
| Epoetin use | 5 (10%) | 2 (6%) | 3 (21%) |
*p-value < 0.05 by Fisher’s exact test or t-test. Mean (SD) or n (%). ACE = angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB = angiotensin II receptor blocker; CKD = chronic kidney disease; HTN = hypertension.