Table 2.

Demographic characteristic of participants in the study

Variables		Number	Percent
Gender	Male	170	38.0
	Female	277	62.0
Marital status	Married	97	21.7
	Single	350	78.3
Residence status	Dormitory	242	54.1
	Non-dormitory	46	10.3
	Native	159	35.6
Educational status	Bachelor's degree	254	54.8
	Master's degree	70	15.7
	PhD	31	6.9
	MD	95	21.3
Time spent on smartphones (daily)	2 h	80	17.9
	4 h	95	21.3
	6 h	153	34.2
	8 h	83	18.6
	10 h	27	6.0
	12 h	9	2.0
Purpose of smartphone use	Academic purpose	286	64.0
	non-academic purpose	161	36.0
Type of applications used	Telegram	95	21.3
	Instagram	232	51.9
	WhatsApp	74	16.6
	Others	46	10.3
Text message rates (daily)	< 40	276	61.7
	≥ 40	171	38.3