Figure 9.

Probiotic CM produces beneficial changes in the expression of several key genes implicated in the control of macrophage foam cell formation. THP‐1 macrophages (A, C, D), HMDM (B) or THP‐1 macrophages converted into foam cells (E‐I) were treated for 24 h with either vehicle control or CM from Lab4 (8 µg mL^‐1) or CUL66 (5 µg mL^‐1). Gene expression was determined by qPCR using the ΔΔCT method. Data are presented as box and whisker plots of log2 fold‐change in gene expression relative to the vehicle control, where whiskers represent min to max fold‐change from three independent experiments. Statistical analysis was performed using a one‐way ANOVA with Dunnett (2‐sided) (A‐C, G‐H) or Dunnett T3 (B, E‐I) post‐hoc test (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 and ***p < 0.001).