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. 2022 Aug 11;14:89. doi: 10.1186/s13073-022-01088-w

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — Power analysis results. a Plot showing the power to detect significantly different effect in sex-specific GWAS collecting 190,000 females and 170,000 males for different percentiles of causal effect. b Plot showing the total sample size (females + males) needed to detect significantly different effect in sex-specific GWAS at power > 80% for different percentiles of causal effect