Table 3.
Targets in the tumor angiogenesis and targeted imaging agents in HNSCC
| Targets | Targeted Imaging Agent | Results | Imaging Technique | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Integrins | 18F-Galacto-RGD | Image fusion of 18F-Galacto-RGD PET with MRI or multi-slice CT allows for definition of tumor subvolumes with intense tracer uptake | PET | [107] |
| 68Ga-DOTA-E-[c(RGDfK)]2 | Could detect αvβ3 integrin expression in OSCC patients with adequate TBRs | PET/CT | [108] | |
| 68Ga-NODAGA-RGD | 68Ga-NODAGA-RGD uptake has a different spatial distribution than 18F-FDG bringing different tumor information, and is not related to tumor grade, p16, or HPV status | PET/CT | [109] | |
| 111In-RGD2 | Allows in vivo monitoring of angiogenic responses after radiotherapy, and its uptake in HNSCC was not affected by anti-angiogenic drug therapy | PET/CT | [111] | |
| 68Ga-NODAGA-c(RGDfK) | Uptake of radiolabeled RGD peptides is not necessarily decreased by effective bevacizumab antiangiogenic therapy | PET/CT | [112] | |
| 18F-RGD-K5 | Demonstrates the feasibility of identifying incomplete response to concurrent CRT in HNSCC patients using RGD PET/CT | PET/CT | [113] | |
| PSMA | 111In-J591 | Has potential as a targeting agent for solid tumor vasculature and lesion detection in HNSCC | gamma camera & SPECT | [120] |
| 68Ga-PSMA | Case report of incidental detection of oropharynx SCC | PET/CT | [121] | |
| 68Ga-PSMA | Detection of synchronous primary tongue base SCC in patients with prostate cancer | PET/CT | [122] |
111In Indium-111, 18F-FDG Fluorine-18 Fluorodeoxyglucose, 68Ga Gallium-68, CRT chemoradiotherapy, CT computed tomography, HNSCC head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, HPV human papilloma, MRI magnetic resonance imaging, OSCC oral squamous cell carcinoma, PET positron emission tomography, PSMA prostate-specific membrane antigen, RGD arginine glycine aspartic acid virus, SCC squamous cell carcinoma, TBR tumor-to-background ratio