Table 2.
Antigen transfer and its immunological effects by different types of vaccine
| Vaccine type | Vaccine component | Administration route | Major Ag donor cells | Major Ag receptor cells | Immunological outcome | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Protein-based vaccine | ||||||
| Protein | Multivalent HPV protein Ag and adjuvant AS04 | i.m. | Muscle cells and skin-resident DCs, respectively | Skin-resident DCs and LNs-resident DCs, respectively | Prevent HPV induced infections and cancers | 212-214 |
| Protein | 5-20 recombinant/fusion tumor neoantigens | s.c. | KCs and skin-resident DCs, respectively | Skin-resident DCs and LNs-resident DCs, respectively | 71.4 % of cancer patients are under control with specific CTL response elicited | 236 |
| Protein | TAAs (HER-2) and immunostimulatory molecules modified plasma membrane vesicles (PMVs) | s.c. | Breast cancer cells | DCs in subcutaneous compartment and LNs | Induce both cellular and humoral immunity against HER-2-expressing tumor cells | 241 |
| Protein | M2e-displaying outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) | s.c. | Escherichia coli | Skin somatic cells and DCs | Initiate specific humoral immunity against influenza A (H1N1) | 240 |
| Protein | Oligodendrocyte-derived EVs containing multiple myelin Ags | i.v. | Oligodendrocyte, monocyte, cDCs | mo-DCs | Induce immunosuppressive monocytes and apoptosis of autoreactive CD4+ T cells in several autoimmune encephalomyelitis models | 283 |
| Protein | OVA | s.c. | Skin somatic cells and CCR9+ pDCs, respectively | CCR9+ pDCs and thymus cDCs, respectively | Induce pDCs-mediated thymic central tolerance | 249 |
| Nucleic acid-based vaccine | ||||||
| pDNA | OVA pDNA | i.m. | KCs | CD103+/CD8α+ DCs | Activate OVA-specific CD8+ T cells | 49 |
| pDNA | Bacillus anthracis protective antigen domain 4 (PA-D4) pDNA | i.d. by electroporation | KCs | Skin-resident DCs | Induce potent Anthrax-associated humoral immune response | 284 |
| pDNA | OVA pDNA and GM-CSF -loaded mesoporous silica microrods (MSRs) | s.c. | KCs and migratory DCs, respectively | Skin-resident DCs and LNs-resident DCs, respectively | Elicit OVA-specific CTL response, Th1 humoral response and CD8+ effector and memory T cell responses | 285 |
| mRNA | Influenza A mRNA delivered by Lipofectamine 2000 | i.m. | Muscle cells | mo-DCs | Cross prime CD8+ T cells in vivo | 33 |
| mRNA | Protamine mRNA | i.d. | KCs and migratory DCs, respectively | Migratory DCs and LNs-resident DCs, respectively | Induce functional Ags in the dLNs and massive activation of T cells | 32 |
| DCs-based vaccine | ||||||
| mo-DCs | Mo-DCs loaded with both keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) and TAA | i.d., i.n. | mo-DCs | CD163+ macrophages and LNs-resident DCs | Induce Ag-specific immune response in patients with melanoma | 273 |
| mo-DCs | In vivo activated mo-DCs | s.c. | mo-DCs | LNs-resident CD8α+ DCs | Activate B16-OVA specific CD8+ T cell immune response | 279 |
| mo-DCs | Tumor whole cell lysate-pulsed mo-DCs | i.d. | mo-DCs | Possibly DCs and macrophages in the dLNs and vaccine injection site | Nearly half of the patients generate specific immune responses against glioblastoma, with survival time prolonged | 268, 277 |
| mo-DCs | Tumor whole cell lysate-pulsed mo-DCs | s.c. | mo-DCs | Possibly DCs and macrophages in LNs and vaccine injection site | Induce renal cell cancer-specific Th1 immune response | 286 |
| cDC2 and pDCs | Three TAAs/mRNA-pulsed cDC2 and pDCs | i.d. | cDC2 and pDCs | LNs-resident DCs | Increase metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) reactive IFN-γ+ CTLs | 276 |
| cDC2 | TAAs (gp100 and tyrosinase) -pulsed cDC2 | i.d. | cDC2 | LNs-resident DCs | Prolong progression free survival in some melanoma patients | 274 |
| pDCs | TAAs (gp100 and tyrosinase) -pulsed pDCs | intra-LN | pDCs | LNs-resident DCs | Prolong the survival of melanoma patients with 1-2 years | 275 |
| pDCs | Peripheral Ag (OVA) -loaded pDCs | i.v. | CCR9+ pDCs | Thymus-resident cDCs | Induce central tolerance | 249 |