Table 2.
Different membrane types used in phototherapeutic NP systems, along with a summary of their characteristics
| Membrane source(s) | NP components | Irradiation wavelength | Particle purpose (Beyond PTT) | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MCF-7 | PLGA, ICG | 808 | PAI, FI | [105] |
| 4T1 | Gold, DOX | 808 | Hyperthermia-activated drug delivery | [40] |
| 4T1 | Gold, mesoporous silica, R837 | 808 | Immunostimulant, starvation therapy | [82] |
| 4T1 | Porous silicon, DOX, ICG | 808 | Drug delivery, FI | [83] |
| KB | Gold, PEG | 980 | Radiotherapy | [41] |
| A549 | PLGA, perfluorocarbons (PFCs), ICG | 765 | FI, MRI, PAI | [49] |
| HepG2 | Prussian blue, zinc glutamate, triphenylphosphine-conjugated lonidamine | 808 | Downregulated ATP production to disrupt heat shock proteins | [54] |
| MDA-MB-231 | Gold, mesoporous silica, PTX, DOX | 980 | Drug delivery | [42] |
| B16-F10, 4T1, COS-7 | Poly(caprolactone), pluronic copolymer F68, ICG | 808 | FI | [98] |
| C6 | Proteolipids, ICG | 808 | FI | [72] |
| C6 | Liposome, ICG | 808 | FI, PDT | [73] |
| HeLa | DOX, ICG | 808 | Drug delivery, FI | [79] |
| HeLa | Black-titanium, iridium | 1064 | PAI, sonodynamic therapy, luminescence | [59] |
| CT26 | Bismuth | 808 | – | [60] |
| Platelet | Gold | 808 | – | [43] |
| Platelet | PLGA, IR780, DOX | 808 | Drug delivery | [51] |
| Platelet | Liposomes, IR 1048 | 1064 | PAI | [74] |
| Platelet | Mesoporous silica, bismuth | 808 | Radiotherapy | [67] |
| MSC | Lipids, gold, iron oxide, DOX | 808 | Drug delivery, PAI | [68] |
| MSC | Black phosphorus, oxaliplatin (1,2-diaminocyclohexane) platinum (II) | 808 | Drug delivery | [77] |
| MSC | Polydopamine, SN38 | 808 | Drug delivery | [86] |
| Macrophage | Gold | 808 | – | [44] |
| Macrophage | Iron oxide | 808 | – | [69] |
| Macrophage | DSPE-PEG, IR-792 | 808 | FI | [52] |
| Macrophage | Bismuth selenide, quercetin | 808 | CT, drug delivery, heat shock protein inhibitor | [71] |
| Macrophage | Gold, ICG, triphenylphosphonium (TPP) | 808, 1064 | PDT, FI, PAI, Raman imaging | [45] |
| RBC | Iron oxide | 808 | MRI | [61] |
| RBC | Prussian blue, DOX | 808 | Drug delivery | [55] |
| RBC | Gold, poly(vinylpyrrolidone) | 850 | – | [46] |
| RBC | Prussian blue, Gamabufotalin (CS-6) | 808 | Drug delivery | [56] |
| RBC | Iron oxide | 808 | MRI | [62] |
| RBC | Gold | 785 | PAI | [47] |
| RBC | Melanin | 808 | PAI | [92] |
| RBC | Graphene oxide, ICG, DOX, DSPE-PEG | 808 | Drug delivery, FI | [75] |
| RBC | Semiconducting polymer, DSPE-PEG | 808 | PAI | [87] |
| RBC | Halloysite, FITC, ICG | 808 | FI | [89] |
| RBC | Poly(caprolactone), DPPC, Pluronic F68, PTX | 808 | Drug delivery | [95] |
| RBC | Black phosphorus | 808 | Immunotherapy | [78] |
| RBC | Gold, PTX, anti-EpCam | 808 | Drug delivery | [48] |
| RBC | Tungsten disulfide, PEG, DOX, ICG | 808 | Drug delivery, PDT, CT, FI | [63] |
| RBC | Prussian blue, J5, folic acid | 808 | Drug delivery | [57] |
| RBC | Zinc phthalocyanine, ICG | 680 | PDT, FI | [80] |
| RBC | Prussian blue, chlorin e6 | 808 | PDT | [58] |
| RBC | 10-Hydroxycamptothecin, ICG | 808 | Drug delivery, FI | [81] |
| RBC | Poly(caprolactone), PEG, IR780, DTX | 808 | FI, PDT, PAI, drug delivery | [53] |
| RBC | Graphene oxide, ICG, DOX, PEG, folic acid | 808 | Drug delivery, FI | [76] |
| RBC | Red blood cell content, copper sulfide, silica | 980 | Radiotherapy, oxygen delivery | [90] |
| Fibroblast | Poly(cyclopentadithiophene-alt-benzothiadiazole), PEG-b-PPG-b-PEG | 808 | PDT, PAI, FI | [96] |
| Myeloid derived suppressor cell | Iron oxide | 808 | MRI | [70] |
| CAR-T | Silica, IR780 | 808 | FI | [91] |
| MCF-7 and RBC | Melanin | 808 | PAI | [88] |
| B16-F10 and RBC | DOX, copper sulfide | 1064 | Drug delivery | [64] |
| E. coli DH5α and B16-F10 | Polydopamine | 1064 | Immunotherapy | [94] |
| 4T1 and Dendritic Cell | Poly(benzobisthiadiazole-alt-thiophene), PEG-b-PPG-b-PEG, silicon 2,3-naphthalocyanine bis(trihexylsilyloxide) | 1064 | Immunotherapy, FI | [84] |
| Leukocyte and platelet | Silicon, IR780, DOX | 808 | PDT, drug delivery | [93] |
| ID8 and RBC | ICG, magnetic | 808 | Immunotherapy | [65] |
| Erythrocyte and platelet | Polypyrrol | 808 | – | [85] |
| WSU-HN6 and RBC | TPZ, IR780, H40-poly(ethylene glycol) | 808 | Hypoxia-activated drug delivery | [50] |
| CT26 and RAW 264.7 | Triple-doped zinc gallogermanate, mesoporous silica, IR825, irinotecan | 808 | Drug delivery, luminescent imaging | [66] |
PAI photoacoustic imaging; FI fluorescence imaging; MRI magnetic resonance imaging; PDT photodynamic therapy; CT computed tomography