Table 2:

Population-based Metabolic Syndrome Studies in Humans

All of Us	1,000,000 sample biobank of US adults completed by 2024; combines health records, questionnaires, emphasis on recruitment of historically underrepresented populations (6)	https://allofus.nih.gov/
China Kadoorie Biobank	500,000 sample biobank of Chinese adults, contains mostly lifestyle and clinical data (42), minimal genotyping so far (176)	https://www.ckbiobank.org/site/
UK Biobank	Source of 500,000 predominantly white adult biological samples, health questionnaires, genotypes for 850,000 SNPs (7)	https://www.ukbiobank.ac.uk/
VA Million Veteran Program (MVP)	Large, multi-ethnic cohort of mostly male, former US veterans; significant burden of cardiometabolic disease (101)	https://www.mvp.va.gov/
TwinsUK-Multiple Tissue Human Expression Resource (MuTHER)	Twin registry in the UK, contains roughly 14,000 twins, group is mostly female and middle-aged; formed to study genetic basis of complex disease; female only subset of the twins underwent subcutaneous fat biopsies for gene expression mapping (MuTHER) (214)	https://www.twinsuk.ac.uk/ https://www.muther.ac.uk/
Population Architecture using Genomics and Epidemiology (PAGE)	Collaboration between consortia to address questions of genome generalizability to non-whites; Trans-ethnic cohort of American minorities, phenotyped for many complex disease traits, fully genotyped; all study data accessible through dbGaP (20, 204)	https://www.pagestudy.org/
Metabolic Syndrome in Men (METSIM) Study	10,000 Finnish men densely genotyped and comprehensively phenotyped for MetS-related traits and subtraits. Useful for identification of rare variants (165)	dbGaP Study Accession: phs000743.v1.p1

Established GWAS cohorts in humans with MetS phenotype and genotype data