Table 1.
Characteristics of the Study Participants (all women) and Physical Functioning at Baseline and After the 3-Year Follow-up
| Baseline | N | 3-y Follow-up | N | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (y) | 68.6 (3.4) | 413 | 71.3 (3.3) | 298 |
| Epigenetic clocks | ||||
| Horvath’s DNAmAge (y) | 66.9 (5.7) | 413 | ||
| Hannum’s DNAmAge (y) | 56.4 (6.0) | 413 | ||
| DNAm PhenoAge (y) | 55.1 (7.9) | 413 | ||
| DNAm GrimAge (y) | 59.9 (4.4) | 413 | ||
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 27.9 (4.7) | 413 | 28.1 (5.0) | 298 |
| Cigarette smoking | ||||
| Current (%) | 4.9 | 20 | ||
| Former (%) | 7.3 | 30 | ||
| Never (%) | 87.9 | 362 | ||
| Physical functioning tests | ||||
| Timed Up and Go (s) | 9.3 (1.9) | 405 | 9.0 (2.0) | 280 |
| 10-m walk (s) | 6.0 (1.3) | 397 | 5.9 (1.7) | 281 |
| 6-min walk (m) | 531.6 (76.4) | 339 | 528.2 (79.4) | 201 |
| Grip strength (N) | 190.0 (57.1) | 413 | 191.3 (61.2) | 293 |
| Ankle plantar flexion strength (N) | 218.4 (84.3) | 378 | 212.4 (80.3) | 279 |
| Knee extension strength (N) | 293.5 (84.0) | 387 | 282.8 (80.5) | 272 |
| Selected diseases | ||||
| Coronary heart disease | 51 (12.3) | |||
| Heart failure | 21 (5.1) | |||
| Hypertension | 152 (36.8) | |||
| Asthma | 33 (8.0) | |||
| COPD | 3 (0.7) | |||
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 17 (4.1) | |||
| Hypothyroidism | 27 (6.5) | |||
| Hyperthyroidism | 11 (2.7) | |||
| Type 2 diabetes | 24 (5.8) | |||
| Cancer | 35 (8.5) |
Notes: COPD = chronic obstructive lung disease; DNAm = DNA methylation. Values are mean (SD) unless stated.