Table 1.
Key mediators and chemoattractants released by mast cells.
| Mediator | Role | References |
|---|---|---|
| Cytokines | ||
| TNFα | DC migration T-cell proliferation Monocyte Macrophage Activation Neutrophil recruitment |
(27, 28) |
| GM-CSF | DC migration to lymph nodes | (29) |
| IL-1 | Eosinophil recruitment Neutrophil recruitment DC-migration Inflammasome activation |
(27, 29) |
| IL-2 | T-regulatory cell recruitment ILC2 proliferation |
(30, 31) |
| IL-4 | Eosinophil recruitment Differentiation of Th0 cells to Th2 |
(32, 33) |
| IL-3 | Mixed lymphocyte migration MC and basophil growth and differentiation |
(29, 34) |
| IL-5 | Eosinophil migration and survival | (35) |
| IL-6 | Monocyte/Macrophage activation Local Neutrophil recruitment |
(27, 29) |
| IL-9 | MC proliferation DC migration T-cell recruitment |
(36) |
| IL-10 | CD8+ T-cell recruitment Inhibition of CD4+ T-cell recruitment Inhibition of proinflammatory cytokine production |
(37–39) |
| IL-12 | CD4+ Effector T-cell recruitment Th1 response induction Induction if IFNγ in NK, Th1, and MCs |
(26, 40) |
| IL-16 | T-cell recruitment DC migration |
(27, 41) |
| IL-17A | B-cell recruitment (lung) | (42) |
| IL-18 | DC migration | (27, 43) |
| Chemokines | ||
| CCL1 | Monocyte recruitment T-cell recruitment |
(44) |
| CCL2 | Neutrophil migration Monocyte migration T-cell recruitment MCp migration |
(45) |
| CCL3 | Monocyte recruitment T-cell recruitment |
(44) |
| CCL4 | Monocyte recruitment T-cell recruitment |
(44) |
| CCL5 | CD8+ T-cell recruitment Eosinophil recruitment Basophil recruitment Monocyte recruitment NK cell recruitment DC recruitment |
(44) |
| CCL7 | Monocyte recruitment T-cell recruitment NK cell recruitment Immature DC recruitment Basophil recruitment Eosinophil recruitment Hematopoietic progenitor cell recruitment |
(46, 47) |
| CCL18 | Naïve CD4+/CD8+ T-cell recruitment Memory T-cell recruitment B-cell recruitment Immature DC recruitment |
(44, 48) |
| CCL20 | B-cell recruitment Effector memory T-cell recruitment CD11b+ DC recruitment |
(44, 49) |
| CXCL1 | Neutrophil recruitment | (50) |
| CXCL2 | Neutrophil recruitment Eosinophil recruitment Basophil recruitment |
(44, 50, 51) |
| CXCL3 | Neutrophil recruitment | (44) |
| CXCL8 | CD4+ T-cell recruitment Neutrophil recruitment |
(27) |
| XCL1 | DC migration and cross presentation of antigen | (44, 52) |
| CX3CL1 | Monocyte and T-cell recruitment and survival | (53, 54) |
| Lipid Mediators | ||
| LTB4 | Neutrophil chemotaxis DC chemotaxis MC chemotaxis CD8+ T-cell recruitment |
(55, 56) |
| LTC4 | Eosinophil migration | (57–59) |
| LTD4 | Eosinophil migration Neutrophil migration |
(60) |
| LTE4 | Eosinophil migration ILC2 migration |
(61, 62) |
| PGD2 | Eosinophil chemotaxis and activation Basophil chemotaxis and activation Th2 cell recruitment & activation ILC2 migration Vasodilation Increased Vascular Permeability |
(57, 63) |
| PGE2 | DC migration | (64) |