Table 1.

Definition of 3D Landmarks

Number	Landmark	Definition
Orthodontic cephalometric landmarks
1	Sella	Midpoint of the fossa for the pituitary gland
2	Nasion	Midline structure that is the most anterior point of the frontonasal suture
3	Basion	Midline structure found on the anterior region of the foramen magnum
4	ANS	Midline structure that is the most anterior point of the anterior nasal spine
5	PNS	Midline structure that is the most posterior point of the posterior nasal spine
6	A-Point	Midline point that is the deepest concavity on the maxilla between the ANS and prosthion
7	B-Point	Midline structure that is the deepest concavity on the mandibular symphysis between the infradentale and pogonion
8	Pogonion	Midline strucutre that is the most anterior part of the bony chin
9	Menton	Midline strucutre that is the most inferior part of the bony chin
10, 11	Orbitalea	Lowest point in the inferior region of the orbit
12, 13	Poriona	Most superior point on the external auditory meatus
14, 15	Condyle Posta	Most posterior point on the condyle
16, 17	Goniona	Point where the ramus and mandibular planes intersect and the most posterior, inferior, and lateral point at the angle of the mandible
18	UR1 Incisal Edge	Upper right central incisor's most inferior point on the incisal edge
19	UR1 Root Apex	Upper right central incisor's root apex
20	LR1 Incisal Edge	Lower right central incisor's most superior point on the incisal edge
21	LR1 Root Apex	Lower right central incisor's root apex
22, 23	Antego Notcha	Concavity that is the most anterior region of the gonion
24, 25	Post Goniona	Most posterior point of the gonion
26, 27	Coronoida	Most superior and center point of the coronoid
28, 29	Lingulaa	Ridge on the medial surface of the ramus on the mandible
Mandibular and TMJ landmarks
30, 31	Mental for Inferiora	Most inferior portion directly under the landmarked mental foramen
32, 33	Mental for Anta	Foramen in the mandible that is around the lower premolars identified at the anterior most point of the foramen
34, 35	Condyle Med Polea	Most medial point on the condyle
36, 37	Condyle Lat Polea	Most lateral point on the condyle
38, 39	Malleusa	Small bone in the middle ear that can be located in the axial view
Dental and dentoalveolar landmarks
40	Max Midline	Midline point on the maxilla between the upper 1's
41	Mand Midline	Midline point on the mandible between the lower 1's
42	LL3-Alv bone	ABPb adjacent to the center of the lower left canine from the axial view
43	LL5-Alv bone	ABP adjacent to the center of the lower left second premolar from the axial view
44	LL7-Alv bone	ABP adjacent to the center of the lower left second molar from the axial view
45	LR3-Alv bone	ABP adjacent to the center of the lower right canine from the axial view
46	LR5-Alv bone	ABP adjacent to the center of the lower right second premolar from the axial view
47	LR7-Alv bone	ABP adjacent to the center of the lower right second molar from the axial view
48	UL3-Alv bone	ABP adjacent to the center of the upper left canine from the axial view
49	UL5-Alv bone	ABP adjacent to the center of the upper left second premolar from the axial view
50	UL7-Alv bone	ABP adjacent to the center of the upper left second molar from the axial view
51	UR3-Alv bone	ABP adjacent to the center of the upper right canine from the axial view
52	UR5-Alv bone	ABP adjacent to the center of the upper right second premolar from the axial view
53	UR7-Alv bone	ABP adjacent to the center of the upper right second molar from the axial view

^aBilateral landmarks (right and left).

^bABP indicates alveolar bone point.