Table 2.
Dietary intakes (energy and macro/micro nutrients) of study participants across tertiles of PDI, hPDI and uPDI.
| Tertiles of PDI | Tertiles of hPDI | Tertiles of uPDI | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T1 (n = 61) | T2 (n = 71) | T3 (n = 71) | P-value1 | T1 (n = 72) | T2 (n = 65) | T3 (n = 66) | P-value1 | T1 (n = 62) | T2 (n = 74) | T3 (n = 67) | P-value1 | |
| Range | < 51 | 51–55 | > 55 | – | < 50 | 50–57 | > 57 | – | < 49 | 49–58 | > 58 | – |
| Energy, kcal | 2746.2 ± 68.45 | 2871.8 ± 63.37 | 3011.9 ± 63.40 | 0.02 | 3083.7 ± 62.03 | 2783.5 ± 65.06 | 2762.1 ± 64.53 | < 0.001 | 2907 ± 70.13 | 2852.1 ± 63.25 | 2895.0 ± 67.46 | 0.82 |
| Protein, % of E | 15.2 ± 0.25 | 14.4 ± 0.23 | 13.5 ± 0.23 | < 0.001 | 14.0 ± 0.24 | 14.2 ± 0.25 | 14.8 ± 0.25 | 0.05 | 15.5 ± 0.24 | 14.3 ± 0.21 | 13.2 ± 0.23 | < 0.001 |
| Carbohydrate, % of E | 56.8 ± 0.66 | 57.9 ± 0.60 | 59.9 ± 0.61 | 0.01 | 58.3 ± 0.63 | 58.3 ± 0.65 | 58.2 ± 0.65 | 0.99 | 55.7 ± 0.63 | 58.7 ± 0.57 | 60.3 ± 0.61 | < 0.001 |
| Fat, % of E | 29.4 ± 0.67 | 29.0 ± 0.62 | 28.2 ± 0.62 | 0.42 | 28.9 ± 0.63 | 29.0 ± 0.65 | 28.7 ± 0.65 | 0.94 | 30.5 ± 0.66 | 28.5 ± 0.59 | 27.6 ± 0.63 | 0.01 |
| Cholesterol, mg | 327.4 ± 11.86 | 288.4 ± 10.87 | 236.8 ± 10.99 | < 0.001 | 283.4 ± 11.98 | 281.8 ± 12.31 | 280.9 ± 12.25 | 0.99 | 333.9 ± 11.67 | 281.2 ± 10.53 | 235.0 ± 11.23 | < 0.001 |
| SFA, gr | 30.1 ± 0.71 | 26.9 ± 0.65 | 25.4 ± 0.66 | < 0.001 | 28.2 ± 0.70 | 27.6 ± 0.72 | 26.2 ± 0.72 | 0.12 | 29.1 ± 0.73 | 27.4 ± 0.66 | 25.7 ± 0.70 | 0.01 |
| MUFA, gr | 28.9 ± 0.88 | 27.8 ± 0.81 | 26.1 ± 0.81 | 0.06 | 27.3 ± 0.84 | 27.5 ± 0.86 | 28.0 ± 0.85 | 0.85 | 31.3 ± 0.82 | 26.7 ± 0.74 | 25.0 ± 0.79 | < 0.001 |
| PUFA, gr | 26.5 ± 1.02 | 28.8 ± 0.94 | 29.9 ± 0.95 | 0.05 | 27.7 ± 0.97 | 28.9 ± 1.00 | 29.0 ± 0.99 | 0.61 | 28.6 ± 1.03 | 28.3 ± 0.93 | 28.6 ± 0.99 | 0.97 |
| Vitamin C, mg | 120.7 ± 7.50 | 129.1 ± 6.87 | 149.2 ± 6.95 | 0.02 | 98.6 ± 6.27 | 135.4 ± 6.44 | 170.1 ± 6.41 | < 0.001 | 173.2 ± 6.55 | 134.0 ± 5.91 | 96.6 ± 6.30 | < 0.001 |
| Vitamin A, RAE | 1072.0 ± 81.66 | 1052.0 ± 74.86 | 1193.3 ± 75.66 | 0.37 | 814.4 ± 71.67 | 1146.8 ± 73.69 | 1388.3 ± 73.30 | < 0.001 | 1468.4 ± 73.25 | 1124.5 ± 66.08 | 754.6 ± 0.45 | < 0.001 |
| Thiamin, mg | 2.57 ± 0.04 | 2.69 ± 0.04 | 2.66 ± 0.04 | 0.09 | 2.64 ± 0.04 | 2.66 ± 0.04 | 2.64 ± 0.04 | 0.88 | 2.55 ± 0.04 | 2.65 ± 0.04 | 2.73 ± 0.04 | 0.01 |
| Riboflavin, mg | 2.52 ± 0.07 | 2.32 ± 0.06 | 2.10 ± 0.06 | < 0.001 | 2.19 ± 0.07 | 2.26 ± 0.07 | 2.46 ± 0.07 | 0.02 | 2.73 ± 0.06 | 2.26 ± 0.06 | 1.95 ± 0.06 | < 0.001 |
| Niacin, mg | 27.5 ± 0.45 | 27.7 ± 0.41 | 27.6 ± 0.42 | 0.96 | 28.1 ± 0.42 | 27.9 ± 0.43 | 26.6 ± 0.43 | 0.03 | 26.0 ± 0.42 | 27.5 ± 0.38 | 29.1 ± 0.40 | < 0.001 |
| Vitamin B6, mg | 1.60 ± 0.05 | 1.61 ± 0.05 | 1.65 ± 0.05 | 0.83 | 1.50 ± 0.05 | 1.63 ± 0.05 | 1.75 ± 0.05 | 0.01 | 1.86 ± 0.05 | 1.65 ± 0.04 | 1.37 ± 0.05 | < 0.001 |
| Vitamin E, mg | 27.1 ± 1.47 | 31.3 ± 1.35 | 32.2 ± 1.36 | 0.03 | 29.7 ± 1.40 | 30.8 ± 1.44 | 30.7 ± 1.44 | 0.84 | 28.7 ± 1.48 | 30.6 ± 1.34 | 31.6 ± 1.43 | 0.37 |
| Folate, mcg | 309.2 ± 13.06 | 314.9 ± 11.97 | 324.7 ± 12.10 | 0.68 | 253.8 ± 10.53 | 319.1 ± 10.83 | 382.7 ± 10.77 | < 0.001 | 409.2 ± 9.68 | 310.7 ± 8.73 | 237.5 ± 9.31 | < 0.001 |
| Vitamin B12, mcg | 5.14 ± 0.18 | 4.49 ± 0.17 | 3.78 ± 0.17 | < 0.001 | 4.27 ± 0.18 | 4.46 ± 0.19 | 4.59 ± 0.19 | 0.46 | 5.59 ± 0.16 | 4.34 ± 0.14 | 3.47 ± 0.15 | < 0.001 |
| Magnesium, mg | 292.6 ± 8.17 | 283.9 ± 7.49 | 288.7 ± 7.57 | 0.74 | 258.9 ± 7.10 | 289.4 ± 7.30 | 318.9 ± 7.26 | < 0.001 | 342.1 ± 6.26 | 287.3 ± 5.65 | 239.3 ± 6.02 | < 0.001 |
| Zinc, mg | 11.4 ± 0.29 | 10.6 ± 0.26 | 10.0 ± 0.27 | 0.01 | 10.1 ± 0.27 | 10.8 ± 0.28 | 11.1 ± 0.28 | 0.03 | 12.2 ± 0.25 | 10.6 ± 0.22 | 9.2 ± 0.24 | < 0.001 |
| Selenium, mcg | 0.09 ± 0.00 | 0.10 ± 0.00 | 0.10 ± 0.00 | 0.67 | 0.10 ± 0.00 | 0.10 ± 0.00 | 0.08 ± 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.08 ± 0.00 | 0.10 ± 0.00 | 0.10 ± 0.00 | 0.01 |
| Total fiber, gr | 18.2 ± 0.61 | 18.7 ± 0.56 | 21.3 ± 0.56 | < 0.001 | 15.8 ± 0.47 | 19.6 ± 0.48 | 23.3 ± 0.48 | < 0.001 | 23.1 ± 0.51 | 19.6 ± 0.46 | 15.9 ± 0.49 | < 0.001 |
| Sodium, mg | 4189.4 ± 148.17 | 3979.6 ± 135.83 | 3825.5 ± 137.29 | 0.21 | 4266.1 ± 135.41 | 4111.0 ± 139.21 | 3565.8 ± 138.49 | 0.01 | 3717.9 ± 146.27 | 3984.9 ± 131.96 | 4243.7 ± 140.67 | 0.04 |
| Potassium, mg | 3416.3 ± 116.52 | 3277.6 ± 106.81 | 3445.0 ± 107.97 | 0.50 | 2916.7 ± 99.30 | 3388.7 ± 102.09 | 3870.1 ± 101.55 | < 0.001 | 4161.6 ± 88.69 | 3359.1 ± 80.01 | 2673.2 ± 85.29 | < 0.001 |
Values are Mean ± SE. Energy intake was adjusted for age and gender; all other values were adjusted for age, gender and energy intake (by the use of ANCOVA). Abbreviations: E: energy intake; SFA, Saturated fatty acids; MUFA, Monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFA, Polyunsaturated fatty acids.
1P-value obtained from ANCOVA test for adjustment of energy intake.