Table 4.
Multivariate adjusted odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for MUO phenotype across tertiles of PDI, hPDI and uPDI, stratified by gender.
| Tertiles of PDI | Tertiles of hPDI | Tertiles of uPDI | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T1 | T2 | T3 | P-trend1 | T1 | T2 | T3 | P-trend1 | T1 | T2 | T3 | P-trend1 | |
| MUO phenotype based on IDF criteria | ||||||||||||
| Girls (participants/cases) | 33/12 | 33/15 | 36/15 | 30/20 | 36/19 | 36/3 | 22/4 | 37/12 | 43/26 | |||
| Crude | 1 (Ref.) | 1.25 (0.47, 3.30) | 1.46 (0.54, 3.91) | 0.45 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.56 (0.21, 1.52) | 0.05 (0.01, 0.19) | < 0.001 | 1 (Ref.) | 2.16 (0.60, 7.80) | 6.88 (1.98, 23.88) | 0.01 |
| Model 1 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.94 (0.33, 2.67) | 0.90 (0.30, 2.67) | 0.84 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.58 (0.19, 1.76) | 0.04 (0.01, 0.17) | < 0.001 | 1 (Ref.) | 3.20 (0.77, 13.30) | 13.00 (2.95, 57.33) | < 0.001 |
| Model 2 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.79 (0.23, 2.70) | 0.66 (0.19, 2.32) | 0.52 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.50 (0.14, 1.73) | 0.06 (0.01, 0.31) | 0.01 | 1 (Ref.) | 1.53 (0.28, 8.26) | 6.49 (1.10, 38.09) | 0.01 |
| Model 3 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.80 (0.23, 2.73) | 0.68 (0.19, 2.46) | 0.56 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.50 (0.14, 1.77) | 0.06 (0.01, 0.31) | 0.01 | 1 (Ref.) | 1.53 (0.28, 8.45) | 6.57 (1.11, 38.84) | 0.01 |
| Model 4 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.79 (0.23, 2.72) | 0.69 (0.19, 2.48) | 0.57 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.50 (0.14, 1.76) | 0.06 (0.01, 0.31) | 0.01 | 1 (Ref.) | 1.74 (0.30, 10.06) | 8.17 (1.24, 53.63) | 0.01 |
| Boys (participants/cases) | 28/7 | 35/14 | 38/16 | 42/24 | 29/8 | 30/5 | 40/9 | 37/11 | 24/17 | |||
| Crude | 1 (Ref.) | 2.00 (0.67, 5.95) | 2.18 (0.75, 6.37) | 0.17 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.29 (0.10, 0.79) | 0.15 (0.05, 0.47) | 0.01 | 1 (Ref.) | 1.46 (0.52, 4.06) | 8.37 (2.65, 26.45) | < 0.001 |
| Model 1 | 1 (Ref.) | 1.89 (0.61, 5.89) | 1.85 (0.60, 5.73) | 0.33 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.36 (0.12, 1.05) | 0.18 (0.06, 0.60) | 0.01 | 1 (Ref.) | 1.59 (0.54, 4.69) | 9.68 (2.88, 32.59) | < 0.001 |
| Model 2 | 1 (Ref.) | 3.15 (0.83, 12.02) | 1.64 (0.45, 5.96) | 0.57 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.47 (0.14, 1.61) | 0.34 (0.09, 1.35) | 0.11 | 1 (Ref.) | 1.34 (0.41, 4.46) | 4.20 (1.03, 17.10) | 0.05 |
| Model 3 | 1 (Ref.) | 2.77 (0.69, 11.15) | 1.81 (0.47, 6.98) | 0.44 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.46 (0.12, 1.69) | 0.41 (0.09, 1.85) | 0.21 | 1 (Ref.) | 2.25 (0.58, 8.69) | 5.16 (1.09, 24.43) | 0.04 |
| Model 4 | 1 (Ref.) | 2.59 (0.63, 10.53) | 1.58 (0.40, 6.24) | 0.59 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.43 (0.12, 1.58) | 0.27 (0.05, 1.46) | 0.10 | 1 (Ref.) | 3.03 (0.71, 12.99) | 7.00 (1.32, 37.13) | 0.02 |
| MUO phenotype based on HOMA-IR criteria | ||||||||||||
| Girls (participants/cases) | 33/9 | 36/9 | 33/14 | 30/17 | 36/12 | 36/3 | 22/2 | 37/9 | 43/21 | |||
| Crude | 1 (Ref.) | 0.89 (0.30, 2.61) | 1.97 (0.70, 5.51) | 0.19 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.38 (0.14, 1.04) | 0.07 (0.02, 0.28) | < 0.001 | 1 (Ref.) | 3.21 (0.63, 16.51) | 9.55 (1.98, 45.96) | 0.01 |
| Model 1 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.64 (0.20, 2.06) | 1.19 (0.37, 3.77) | 0.72 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.43 (0.14, 1.30) | 0.07 (0.02, 0.32) | < 0.001 | 1 (Ref.) | 4.96 (0.81, 30.40) | 16.65 (2.73, 101.4) | 0.01 |
| Model 2 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.45 (0.11, 1.75) | 0.90 (0.23, 3.52) | 0.96 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.26 (0.07, 0.95) | 0.11 (0.02, 0.76) | 0.01 | 1 (Ref.) | 2.25 (0.25, 19.94) | 8.86 (0.98, 80.29) | 0.02 |
| Model 3 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.43 (0.11, 1.70) | 0.88 (0.22, 3.56) | 0.94 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.25 (0.07, 0.95) | 0.11 (0.02, 0.74) | 0.01 | 1 (Ref.) | 1.99 (0.22, 17.80) | 8.33 (0.92, 75.27) | 0.02 |
| Model 4 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.45 (0.11, 1.81) | 0.87 (0.22, 3.53) | 0.91 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.24 (0.06, 0.92) | 0.10 (0.01, 0.68) | 0.01 | 1 (Ref.) | 1.94 (0.21, 17.82) | 7.95 (0.81, 77.95) | 0.03 |
| Boys (participants/cases) | 28/6 | 35/14 | 38/15 | 42/23 | 29/8 | 30/4 | 40/9 | 37/10 | 24/16 | |||
| Crude | 1 (Ref.) | 2.44 (0.79, 7.55) | 2.39 (0.79, 7.28) | 0.15 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.32 (0.11, 0.87) | 0.13 (0.04, 0.43) | < 0.001 | 1 (Ref.) | 1.28 (0.45, 3.60) | 6.89 (2.23, 21.27) | 0.01 |
| Model 1 | 1 (Ref.) | 2.37 (0.73, 7.74) | 2.04 (0.62, 6.66) | 0.30 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.43 (0.14, 1.26) | 0.17 (0.05, 0.58) | 0.01 | 1 (Ref.) | 1.38 (0.46, 4.14) | 7.93 (2.39, 26.31) | 0.01 |
| Model 2 | 1 (Ref.) | 4.19 (1.04, 16.93) | 1.92 (0.50, 7.40) | 0.46 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.57 (0.17, 2.00) | 0.28 (0.07, 1.16) | 0.08 | 1 (Ref.) | 1.14 (0.33, 3.89) | 3.34 (0.82, 13.57) | 0.10 |
| Model 3 | 1 (Ref.) | 3.84 (0.89, 16.51) | 2.14 (0.52, 8.76) | 0.35 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.58 (0.15, 2.16) | 0.32 (0.07, 1.58) | 0.15 | 1 (Ref.) | 1.87 (0.47, 7.53) | 4.11 (0.86, 19.72) | 0.08 |
| Model 4 | 1 (Ref.) | 3.66 (0.84, 15.90) | 1.91 (0.46, 8.00) | 0.46 | 1 (Ref.) | 0.54 (0.14, 2.04) | 0.20 (0.03, 1.21) | 0.07 | 1 (Ref.) | 2.44 (0.55, 10.83) | 5.26 (1.00, 27.67) | 0.05 |
All values are odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Model 1: Adjusted for age and energy intake. Model 2: Additionally, adjusted for physical activity and socioeconomic status (evaluated based on parental education level, parental job, family size, having car in the family, having computer/laptop, having personal room and having travel by using demographic questionnaire). Model 3: Additionally, adjusted for margarine and trans fatty acids. Model 4: Additionally, adjusted for Body Mass Index (BMI).
1Obtained by the use of tertiles of PDI, hPDI, or uPDI as an ordinal variable in the model.