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. 2022 Aug 12;12:13751. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-18134-7

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Distributions of Manhattan and QQ-plots of GWAS based on MLM for % root and shoot weights, where the x-axis represents the spinach chromosomes and the y-axis represents LOD [–log(P-value)] value of each SNP in Manhattan plot, and x-axis represents the Expected LOD [–log(P-value)] (shown in red color), and the y-axis represents Observed LOD [–log(P-value)] (shown as black line) value of each SNP in QQ-plot.