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. 2022 Aug 12;13:4748. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-32461-3

Fig. 8. Optogenetic activation of VLM glutamatergic terminals in the POA promotes the transition from wakefulness to NREM sleep.

Fig. 8

a Schematic of anterograde tracing experiment. AAV1-CAG-FLEX-tdTomato (red) was unilaterally injected in the VLM (bottom) of Vglut2-Cre mice (n = 5 mice). Mouse brain figure adapted from Allen mouse brain atlas. Blue DAPI. IO inferior olivary complex. Scale bar, 200 μm. b Fluorescence image of a coronal section (Bregma 0) illustrating axonal terminals (red) in the POA (enlarged in the middle, 5 mice in total). Blue DAPI. Scale bar, 1 mm. Right, diagram of the POA from the brain atlas. c Schematic of optogenetic experiment. d Brain states (upper) and probability (bottom) before, during, and after laser stimulation of VLM glutamatergic terminals in the POA of awake animals (n = 7). Error bands, 95% bootstrap confidence intervals. e Bout durations (upper) and relative delta power (bottom) in optogenetic-induced and natural NREM sleep (n = 7 animals, **P = 0.0003 for bout duration, P = 0.216 for delta power, n.s. no significance, two-sided unpaired t-test). Error bars, SEM. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.