Table 2(a–b).

Between- and within-group differences from baseline to 16 months

(a) Clinical parameters
Health coaching						Formal education					Difference between groups by time§
Baseline			Post-intervention	Change %	P‡	Baseline		Post-intervention	Change %	P‡
Clinical parameters	n*	% or mean ± SD	% or mean ± SD			n*	% or mean ± SD	% or mean ± SD
HbA1C	70	7.5 ± 1.5%	6.9 ± 1.3	−7	0.001	92	7.8 ± 1.6%	7.8 ± 1.6%	†	NS	0.004
Fasting blood glucose	75	164.3 ± 67.6	144.7 ± 53.2	−12	0.009	92	170.1 ± 71.9	159.5 ± 57.3	−6.2	NS	NS
HDL cholesterol (mg/dl)	72	49.1 ± 13.8	48.6 ± 17.8	−2.4	NS	91	48.5 ± 11.4	45.5 ± 9.3	−6.2	0.001	NS
Body fat	66	27.8 ± 11.5	28.3 ± 11.6	3.6	NS	66	27.5 ± 12.8	30.6 ± 15.2	11	0.004	0.04
BMI	67	30.1 ± 5.3	34.0 ± 32.3	13.3	NS	99	31.0 ± 6.1	30.8 ± 6.6	†	NS	NS
CAL	77	2.2 ± 1.2	1.1 ± 0.8	−50	0.001	97	2.3 ± 1.2	1.7 ± 1.5	−26	0.001	0.004
Total number of teeth lost	69	6.4 ± 5.8	6.8 ± 6.4	6	0.06	77	8.5 ± 6.5	9.1 ± 6.9	7	0.003	NS

(b) Psychological variables
Health coaching						Formal education					Difference between groups by time**
Baseline			Post-intervention	Change %	P¶	Baseline		Post-intervention	Change %	P¶
Psychological parameters	n	% or mean ± SD	% or mean ± SD			n	% or mean ± SD	% or mean ± SD
TBSES	71	18.3 ± 11.9	29.4 ± 8.6	61	0.001	70	16.7 ± 11.8	20.9 ± 11.4	25	0.002	0.001
PAID	68	39.8 ± 10.5	49.8 ± 11.2	25	0.001	64	38.9 ± 13.5	45.8.±14.9	18	0.003	NS
Feeling stressed (never/rare)	75	24%	40%	16	0.01	77	37%	38%	1	NS	0.01

HbA_1C, glycated haemoglobin; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; BMI, body mass index; CAL, clinical attachment loss; TBSES, tooth-brushing self efficacy; PAID, Problem Areas in Diabetes Scale.

^*The total number for each variable differs because the same participants did not answer all the questions; n for each variable represents paired matches.

^†Percentages ≤ 1.

^‡Paired t-test stratified by within each group.

^§Repeated measures anova between two groups.

^¶Two-related samples Wilcoxon test within each group.

^**Repeated measures anova between two groups.