Table 2.

Summary of clinical findings, demographics, and treatment strategies of pediatric-onset AAV after COVID-19 infection

	Bryant et al	Powell et al	Fireizen et al	Reiff et al
Age, years	16	12	17	17
Sex	Female	Female	Male	Male
Comorbidities	Asthma	None	Asthma and Obesity	None
Chronology with COVID-19	1–2 weeks following infection	2 weeks following infection	2 months following infection	Concurrent
Positive serology	Anti-PR3 and C-ANCA	Anti-MPO and ANCA	Anti-MPO and P-ANCA	Anti-PR3 and C-ANCA
Lung involvement at presentation	Extensive multifocal pulmonary nodules and regions of consolidation with multiple areas of cavitation and central bronchiectasis with diffuse bronchial wall thickening	Dense consolidation in the left lower lobe and patchy infiltrate in the right middle and upper lobes without ground-glass opacities; diffuse alveolar hemorrhage	Extensive heterogeneous infiltrates in both lungs with an unusual fluffy central distribution concerning for diffuse alveolar hemorrhage	Multiple bilateral cavitary lung lesions
Kidney involvement at presentation	Normal kidney function (Cr. 0.79 mg/dL)	Pauci-immune necrotizing and crescentic glomerulonephritis	Renal biopsy showed necrotizing glomerulonephritis with limited immune complex deposition	Normal kidney function (Cr. 0.74 mg/dL)
AAV treatment	Prednisone, rituximab, mycophenolate mofetil	Methylprednisolone, rituximab, cyclophosphamide	Methylprednisolone, plasmapheresis, cyclophosphamide	Methylprednisolone, rituximab, not on maintenance therapy
Antibody titers at presentation	1:40 and a proteinase 3 antibody (PR3) level of 1.4 (normal < 1.0)	1:640 and a perinuclear pattern	Not available	1:640 and a proteinase 3 antibody (PR3) level of 251.9 (normal < 1.0)
Outcomes	Marked improvement of multifocal consolidation, nodularity, and cavitation on CT	Improvement in clinical symptoms	Resolution of DAH and AKI, not requiring outpatient dialysis	Clinically asymptomatic with marked improvement of cavitary lung nodules on CT