Table 2.

Summary of results

Authors	Intervention(s)	Effects	Results
Di Noia et al. (2015) [18]	Theory-driven, web-based nutrition education lesson to promote farmers' market fruit and vegetable purchases	1% of participants redeemed their cash value vouchers at the farmer's markets. Seven received the WIC Fresh Start lesson and one received the Electronic Health Education. Among Farmer's Market Nutrition Program voucher recipients, Farmer's Market Nutrition Program voucher redemption did not differ by lesson	Exposure to the Fresh Start lesson was associated with Farmer's Market Nutrition Program voucher redemption (among Farmer's Market Nutrition Program voucher recipients who spoke Spanish), improvements in farmers’ market-related knowledge and skills, and intentions to purchase fruit and vegetables at a farmer's market (among those who received the WIC Fresh Start lesson alongside Farmer's Market Nutrition Program vouchers as compared to those who received the WIC Fresh Start lesson only and electronic health education with and without Farmer's Market Nutrition Program vouchers), and small gains in the redemption of cash value vouchers at farmers’ markets
Seidel et al. (2018) [17]	Quasi-experimental design of cooking demonstrations, tours of Farmer's Markets, and community garden visits	Redemption rate of Farmer's Market Nutrition Program checks among research participants and nonparticipants was 46.5% and 39.0% (p < 0.001), respectively	CRUNCH was successful in increasing the WIC Farmer's Market Nutrition Program check redemption rate among Wilkinsburg WIC participants
Sekhoboa et al. (2017) [20]	Compare the three strategies: a standardized Shopping Orientation curriculum (1), a Pictorial Foods Card (2), and a Guided Shopping Tours at a local WIC vendor (3)	Shopping orientation had the highest change in participation, guided shopping tours had the lowest	A standardized shopping orientation along with a pictorial food card can help educate new WIC families on what items are eligible
Vasan et al. (2021) [27]	Transition from paper vouchers to EBT*	− 4.43% decrease in offline states, 3.49% increase in online states with a − 9.33% adjusted difference-in-differences estimate of relative change in participation	States that were offline were associated with significant relative decreases in WIC participation during the COVID-19 pandemic, due to increased WIC participation in online states and decreased WIC participation in offline states
Vasan et al. (2021) [27]	Paper to EBT vouchers	7.78% change in WIC enrollment 3 years after EBT implementation in EBT states relative to non-EBT states	Statewide implementation of WIC EBT was associated with a significant and continued increase in WIC program participation
Zhang et al. (2022) [19]	Generic price look-up	Qualitative: rejections of PLU in store, forgetting the benefit expiration dates, lack of related knowledge (e.g., do not know how to redeem fruits and vegetables, do not know how to cook vegetables), personal preference of not eating fruits and vegetables, and lack of transportation Quantitative: "diverse generic code experiences and WIC participants’benefit redemption rates." (in virginia) “mixed”generic code group had the highest average redemption rate (M = 86.8%, SD = 13.8%), “all”generic code group-83.6% (SD = 20.3%), never”generic code group showed the lowest average annual redemption rate of 80.9% (SD = 20.0%). p = 0.001-significant differences across different code groups	Higher redemption rates were associated with higher exposure to generic codes (mixed groups had the highest participation). The mechanism could not be explained, so a second, qualitative study was conducted which showed feelings of negativity decreases one's likeliness to use WIC redemptions

^*Electronic benefits transfer