Table 1. Qualitative review of the literature, including patient demographics, MRI findings, expression of INI1, reported treatment regimen, and overall survival.
GTR: gross total resection, STR: subtotal resection, NR: not reported, MRI: magnetic resonance imaging, HA: headache, AMS: altered mental status, SAH: subarachnoid hemorrhage, IVH: intraventricular hemorrhage, CN: cranial nerve; * not included in quantitative review
| Published study | Age | Sex | Loss of INI1 | Duration of symptoms | MRI Image Findings | Treatment | Follow-up (months) | Evidence of dissemination |
| Kuge et al. 2000 [13] | 32 | F | NR | NR | Contrast enhancing sellar lesion | GTR; cisplatin, etoposide, interferon; craniospinal and focal radiotherapy | 28 (deceased) | Yes |
| Raisanen et al. 2005 [14] | 20 | F | Yes | NR | 2.0 × 1.9 cm, partially cystic, heterogeneously enhancing sellar lesion | Resection, unspecified extent; unspecified chemotherapy and radiation therapy | 28 (alive) | No |
| Raisanen et al. 2005 [14] | 31 | F | Yes | NR | 1.6-cm enhancing sellar/suprasellar lesion | Resection, unspecified extent; unspecified radiation therapy | 9 (deceased) | Yes |
| Arita et al. 2008 [15] | 56 | F | Yes | HA and diplopia for 2 months | Heterogeneously enhancing sellar lesion; right cavernous sinus invasion | STR, stereotactic radiation (total=51 Gy) | 23 (deceased) | Yes |
| Las Heras et al. 2010* [16] | 46 | F | Yes | NR | NR | Resection, unspecified extent | NR* | NR* |
| Schneiderhan et al. 2011 [17] | 61 | F | Yes | NR | Heterogeneously enhancing sellar/suprasellar mass with parasellar expansion; edema of the adjacent brain parenchyma and bilateral optic tracts | STR x2 | 3 (deceased) | No |
| Schneiderhan et al. 2011 [17] | 57 | F | Yes | NR | Heterogeneously enhancing sellar lesion with right-sided parasellar expansion | GTR; doxorubicin and cisplatin; unspecified radiation | 6 (alive) | No |
| Chou et al. 2013 [18] | 43 | F | Yes | HA and diplopia for 10 days | Isointense/hypointense sellar lesion with heterogeneous enhancement; invasion into the left cavernous sinus | STR, radical radiotherapy, unspecified | 0.5 (deceased) | Yes |
| Moretti et al. 2013 [19] | 60 | F | Yes | NR | Heterogeneously enhancing sellar lesion with extrasellar; left cavernous sinus invasion, encasing the internal carotid artery | STR; doxorubicin, vinorelbine, carboplatin and paclitaxel; stereotactic radiotherapy (total=51 Gy) | 30 (deceased) | Yes |
| Park et al. 2014 [20] | 42 | F | Yes | NR | Heterogeneously enhancing solid and cystic sellar/suprasellar mass. | STR; cisplatin, doxorubicin, vincristine, etoposide, ifosfamide, cyclophosphamide; Craniospinal, proton beam, and boost radiotherapy (total=54 Gy) | 27 (alive) | NR |
| Shitara et al. 2014 [21] | 44 | F | Yes | 2 months visual disturbance | Heterogeneously enhancing lesion | STR x 2; ifosfamide, cisplatin and etoposide; unspecified radiotherapy | 17 (deceased) | Yes |
| Lev et al. 2015 [22] | 36 | F | Yes | HA 1-month, blurry vision 6 days | 3.3 × 3.2 × 2.3 cm heterogeneously enhancing sellar lesion; compression of the optic chiasm, left cavernous sinus invasion | STR x 6; temozolomide, cyclophosphamide, adriamycin, vincristine, cisplatin, etoposide; external beam radiotherapy to sellar region | 29 (deceased) | No |
| Biswas et al. 2015 [23] | 48 | F | Yes | 2-week visual field disturbance | Sellar lesion with “malignant characteristics” | STR; vincristine, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide alternating with ifosfamide, carboplatin, etoposide; pituitary and craniospinal radiotherapy | 2 (deceased) | Yes |
| Regan et al. 2015 [24] | 45 | F | Yes | HA, diplopia 9 days | Hypointense sellar lesion with extension into the left cavernous sinus | STR; stereotactic radiotherapy to cavernous sinus and parasellar region | 6 (deceased) | No |
| Nobusawa et al. 2016 [25] | 69 | F | Yes | NR | 2.8x 1.6 cm isointense sellar lesion, extension into the left cavernous sinus surrounding the internal carotid artery | STR; temozolomide; focal radiotherapy | 24 (alive) | No |
| Almalki et al. 2016 [26] | 36 | F | Yes | HA 3 months, diplopia 1 month | Heterogeneously enhancing sellar/suprasellar lesion; Bilateral invasion of cavernous sinus and clivus with posterior destruction of clinoid | STR; vincristine & fractionated radiotherapy (60 Gy in 30 fractions) followed by ifosfamide, cisplatin and etoposide | 37 (alive) | No |
| Larran-Escandon et al. 2016 [27] | 43 | F | Yes | HA 3 months, diplopia and ptosis 2 weeks | 2.0 x 2.3 cm sellar/suprasellar lesion with subacute hemorrhage | STR | 1 (deceased) | No |
| Elsayad et al. 2016 [28] | 66 | M | NR | NR | 2.2 × 1.6 × 1.4 cm heterogeneously enhancing sellar lesion | STR followed by GTR; fractionated radiotherapy (59.4 Gy in 33 fractions) | 48 (alive) | No |
| Nakata et al. 2017 [29] | 31 | F | Yes | NR | NR | Resection, unspecified extent; cisplatin and etoposide followed by methotrexate (intrathecal); local and posterior fossa radiotherapy | 28 (deceased) | NR |
| Nakata et al. 2017 [29] | 56 | F | Yes | NR | NR | Resection, unspecified extent; stereotactic radiosurgery, craniospinal radiotherapy | 23 (deceased) | Yes |
| Nakata et al. 2017 [29] | 44 | F | Yes | NR | NR | Resection, unspecified extent; ifosfamide, cisplatin, and etoposide; unspecified radiotherapy | 17 (deceased) | NR |
| Nakata et al. 2017 [29] | 26 | F | Yes | NR | NR | Resection, unspecified extent; methotrexate (intrathecal) followed by ifosfamide, cisplatin, and etoposide; local and spine radiotherapy | 33 (deceased) | Yes |
| Nakata et al. 2017 [29] | 21 | F | Yes | NR | NR | Resection, unspecified; ifosfamide, cisplatin, etoposide; local radiotherapy | 35 (deceased) | NR |
| Nakata et al. 2017 [29] | 69 | F | Yes | NR | NR | Resection, unspecified; temozolomide; local radiotherapy | 37 (alive) | NR |
| Dardis et al. 2017 [30] | 35 | M | Yes | 3 months blurred vision | Mixed cystic/solid heterogeneously enhancing suprasellar and interpeduncular lesion | STR followed by GTR; fractionated craniospinal radiotherapy with localized boosts with cisplatin sensitizer (total=66 Gy in 36 fractions); high dose cyclophosphamide and vincristine followed by autologous stem cell transplant | 30 (alive) | Yes |
| Pratt et al. 2017* [31] | 47 | F | Yes | NR | 2.6 x 3.9 x 3.2 cm heterogeneously enhancing sellar mass; erosion of the surrounding bone and extension into bilateral cavernous sinuses. Complete encasement of left carotid artery. | Resection, unspecified extent | NR* | NR* |
| Johann et al. 2018 [32] | 20 | F | Yes | NR | NR | Resection, unspecified extent; high dose chemotherapy (ifosfamide, cisplatin, etoposide) followed by autologous stem cell rescue | 120 (deceased) | NR |
| Nishikawa et al. 2018 [33] | 42 | F | Yes | Slight headache on presentation (unknown duration); severe headache, vertigo and visual disturbance after 2 months conservative therapy | 1.9 x 2.0 x 0.5 cm intrasellar mass, left cavernous sinus invasion, optic chiasm compression | STR; temozolomide; stereotactic radiation x2 (total= 30 Gy); recurrence with STR 6 months after initial surgery followed by paclitaxel and conventional radiotherapy to residual | 11 (deceased) | Yes |
| Paolini et al. 2018 [34] | 31 | F | Yes | NR | Heterogeneous enhancing sellar/suprasellar lesion | STR | 2 (deceased) | NR |
| Paolini et al. 2018 [34] | 36 | F | Yes | NR | NR | STR; unspecified chemotherapy and radiotherapy | 22 (alive) | NR |
| Paolini et al. 2018 [34] | 46 | F | Yes | NR | NR | STR | 0 (deceased) | NR |
| Paolini et al. 2018 [34] | 47 | F | Yes | NR | NR | STR; 3 agent chemotherapy; fractionated radiotherapy (20 Gy in 10 fractions) | 62 (alive) | NR |
| Paolini et al. 2018 [34] | 65 | F | Yes | NR | NR | STR; vincristine, cisplatin, doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide; fractionated radiotherapy with cisplatin sensitizer (54 Gy in 30 fractions) | 23 (deceased) | Yes |
| Barresi et al. 2018 [35] | 59 | F | Yes | NR | 2.3 x 1.2 cm heterogeneously enhancing sellar lesion; invasion in to left cavernous sinus | STR; unspecified radiotherapy | 2 (deceased) | No |
| Su et al. 2018 [36] | 37 | F | Yes | 2 months blurred vision | Heterogeneously enhancing 2.57 x 1.96 x 3.63 cm sellar/suprasellar lesion | STR | 1 (deceased) | NR |
| Barsky et al. 2018* [37] | 54 | F | Yes | NR | 1.6 x 1.1 x 2.4 cm sellar/ suprasellar lesion with edema | STR | NR* (alive) | No* |
| Asmaro et al. 2019 [38] | 62 | F | Yes | HA and diplopia several months | Heterogeneously enhancing sellar/suprasellar hemorrhagic lesion, with SAH and IVH | STR | 2 (deceased) | NR |
| Voison et al. 2019 [39] | 51 | F | Yes | 5 months visual disturbance | Preoperative CT: lobulated heterogeneously enhancing suprasellar cystic lesion | STR; temozolomide and focal radiotherapy followed by fractionated craniospinal radiotherapy and photo beam radiation (total radiation= 54 Gy) 1 dose of ifosfamide, carboplatin, and etoposide | 9 (alive) | No |
| Siddiqui et al. 2019 [40] | 55 | F | Yes | 1 week HA, blurred vision, acute AMS | Hemorrhagic sellar mass with SAH and IVH | GTR | 1.5 (deceased) | NR |
| Lawler et al. 2019* [41] | 27 | F | Yes | NR | Enlarged pituitary fossa and gland with an ill-defined lesion at the floor of the pituitary fossa | Resection, unspecified extent | NR* | NR* |
| Bokhari et. al 2020 [42] | 40 | F | Yes | NR | 2.9 × 1.7 × 2.3 cm sellar enhancing cystic lesion | STR, unspecified chemotherapy and radiotherapy | 1 (deceased) | NR |
| Present report | 70 | F | Yes | 3-month HA, 4 months right eye vision changes, acute right CNIII palsy | 1.8 x 2.2 x 1.7 cm heterogeneously enhancing sellar/suprasellar mass with invasion into the right cavernous sinus encasing the right internal carotid artery | STR x 2; intravenous carboplatin and etoposide x 1 infusion; alternating intrathecal etoposide plus topotecan and intrathecal methotrexate, and thiotepa (3 cycles); fractionated external beam focal radiotherapy (30 Gy in 10 fractions) | 5.5 (deceased) | Yes |