Table 1.
Baseline Demographic and Lifestyle Characteristics of the Study Population According to the LDL‐C Level
| Characteristics | LDL‐C levels | P value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <70 mg/dL | 70–99.9 mg/dL | 100–129.9 mg/dL | 130–159.9 mg/dL | 160–189.9 mg/dL | ≥190 mg/dL | ||
| No. of participants | 790 | 3071 | 4481 | 3326 | 1585 | 782 | … |
| Age, y | 33.00 (0.61) | 35.24 (0.43) | 40.16 (0.50) | 45.00 (0.54) | 49.25 (0.69) | 52.42 (0.85) | < 0.001 |
| Sex, % | 0.002 | ||||||
| Male | 46.47 (2.75) | 45.67 (1.16) | 45.80 (1.28) | 51.69 (1.25) | 52.23 (1.70) | 48.11 (2.63) | |
| Female | 53.53 (2.75) | 54.33 (1.16) | 54.20 (1.28) | 48.31 (1.25) | 47.77 (1.70) | 51.89 (2.63) | |
| Race and ethnicity, % | 0.002 | ||||||
| Non‐Hispanic White | 72.07 (2.46) | 71.84 (2.03) | 74.52 (1.68) | 77.63 (1.28) | 78.49 (2.14) | 76.00 (2.38) | |
| Non‐Hispanic Black | 14.69 (1.31) | 12.42 (0.95) | 11.21 (0.74) | 9.95 (0.73) | 9.63 (0.93) | 12.11 (1.32) | |
| Mexican‐American | 6.55 (0.86) | 6.38 (0.73) | 6.04 (0.54) | 4.88 (0.38) | 3.72 (0.40) | 3.94 (0.71) | |
| Other | 6.69 (1.88) | 9.36 (1.49) | 8.23 (1.17) | 7.54 (0.86) | 8.16 (1.82) | 7.95 (1.66) | |
| Education, % | 0.003 | ||||||
| Less than high school | 3.50 (0.85) | 4.26 (0.48) | 4.46 (0.46) | 4.92 (0.47) | 4.79 (0.72) | 7.74 (1.22) | |
| High school | 55.74 (2.09) | 50.89 (2.14) | 52.06 (1.39) | 53.51 (1.50) | 58.86 (1.70) | 55.15 (3.13) | |
| College or above | 40.44 (2.24) | 44.37 (2.24) | 43.08 (1.45) | 41.13 (1.61) | 36.05 (1.82) | 36.82 (3.18) | |
| Marital status, % | <0.001 | ||||||
| Married | 48.34 (3.57) | 54.49 (1.15) | 64.10 (1.10) | 69.83 (1.10) | 70.96 (1.54) | 68.60 (2.75) | |
| Widowed | 1.82 (0.45) | 3.57 (0.45) | 4.57 (0.33) | 6.66 (0.52) | 7.91 (0.84) | 12.43 (1.84) | |
| Divorced | 9.70 (1.74) | 8.15 (1.01) | 7.12 (0.57) | 8.36 (0.70) | 8.32 (1.10) | 7.78 (1.61) | |
| Single | 40.14 (3.38) | 33.67 (1.41) | 24.15 (0.93) | 15.07 (0.91) | 12.64 (1.25) | 10.95 (1.76) | |
| Ratio of family income to poverty, % | < 0.001 | ||||||
| ≤1.30 | 23.95 (2.79) | 19.53 (1.35) | 17.34 (0.96) | 13.6 (1.01) | 16.75 (1.68) | 16.73 (1.85) | |
| 1.31–3.50 | 41.87 (2.82) | 42.13 (1.71) | 42.26 (1.42) | 43.56 (1.85) | 40.92 (2.15) | 46.01 (2.46) | |
| >3.50 | 28.96 (3.25) | 32.08 (1.74) | 34.33 (1.65) | 36.52 (2.18) | 33.75 (1.87) | 30.63 (2.12) | |
| Missing | 5.23 (0.97) | 6.27 (0.77) | 6.07 (0.49) | 6.32 (0.75) | 8.58 (1.13) | 6.62 (1.08) | |
| Smoking status, % | <0.001 | ||||||
| Non‐smoker | 51.96 (2.70) | 50.47 (1.46) | 48.57 (1.10) | 45.40 (1.52) | 44.53 (2.33) | 43.52 (2.13) | |
| Past smoker | 15.45 (1.90) | 17.63 (0.99) | 22.70 (0.96) | 27.39 (1.19) | 27.07 (1.74) | 28.33 (1.77) | |
| Current smoker | 32.59 (2.04) | 31.89 (1.50) | 28.73 (1.20) | 27.20 (1.50) | 28.39 (1.97) | 28.15 (2.52) | |
| Alcohol intake, g/day | 15.77 (1.93) | 14.99 (1.32) | 12.16 (0.88) | 9.93 (1.04) | 8.33 (1.03) | 6.83 (1.09) | 0.007 |
| Physical activity*, % | 0.001 | ||||||
| Inactive | 15.44 (2.29) | 12.69 (1.22) | 12.59 (0.85) | 13.26 (0.85) | 18.92 (1.76) | 14.28 (1.69) | |
| Insufficient | 41.09 (3.07) | 44.23 (1.43) | 45.26 (1.30) | 47.78 (1.36) | 44.80 (1.71) | 45.47 (2.53) | |
| Recommended level | 43.47 (2.66) | 43.08 (1.63) | 42.15 (1.52) | 38.96 (1.55) | 36.28 (2.08) | 40.25 (2.49) | |
| Lipids | |||||||
| Triglyceride, mg/dL | 137.89 (1.66) | 162.08 (0.58) | 190.16 (0.50) | 220.04 (0.46) | 249.79 (0.67) | 292.33 (1.58) | <0.001 |
| LDL‐C, mg/dL | 57.97 (0.69) | 87.17 (0.22) | 114.89 (0.19) | 143.69 (0.25) | 172.15 (0.32) | 212.07 (0.98) | <0.001 |
| HDL‐C, mg/dL | 57.15 (0.98) | 54.10 (0.52) | 51.52 (0.44) | 48.53 (0.36) | 48.24 (0.48) | 47.90 (1.35) | <0.001 |
| Triglyceride, mg/dL | 113.82 (5.88) | 104.04 (2.20) | 118.76 (2.13) | 139.10 (1.97) | 147.01 (2.16) | 161.83 (4.22) | <0.001 |
Values are means (SE) for continuous variables or percentages (SE) for categorical variables and are weighted except No. of participants. Numbers may not add to 100% due to missing data. HDL‐C indicates high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL‐C, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; and TC, total cholesterol.
*
Insufficient activity was defined where the sum of (weekly frequency of moderate activity/5) + (weekly frequency of vigorous activity/3) is <1.