Fig. 4.

Emerging roles of PDI protein family in cancer. Schematic representation summarizing the existing and emerging roles of PDI proteins in cancer. Although PDI proteins are crucial for ER function and integrity in normal cell physiology, in cancer cells however, PDI proteins can be translocated into different sub-cellular localizations such as the cytosol, cell surface and extracellular milieu. Existing data showed that these non-ER localizations of PDI proteins gain new functions in supporting cancer growth suggesting that the roles of PDI proteins go beyond the ER in diseased state like cancer