Table 2.
Echocardiographic findings according to sex
| Parameter | Overall | Female | Male | “p” |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Left ventricular diastolic dimension (mm) | 46.1 ± 4.6 | 44.3 ± 4.1 | 48.0 ± 4.4 | < 0.001 |
| Septal thickness (mm) | 9.3 ± 2.8 | 8.6 ± 2.0 | 10.0 ± 3.2 | < 0.001 |
| Posterior wall thickness (mm) | 8.8 ± 1.5 | 8.1 ± 1.3 | 9.4 ± 1.4 | < 0.001 |
| Left ventricular systolic dimension (mm) | 29.8 ± 5.1 | 28.5 ± 4.2 | 31.1 ± 5.7 | < 0.001 |
| Left atrial volume | 33.1 ± 13.2 | 30.7 ± 11.1 | 35.5 ± 14.7 | < 0.001 |
| Left atrial: | ||||
| Mildly abnormal | 15.1% | 12.9% | 17.4% | 0.001 |
| Moderately abnormal | 6.9% | 7.0% | 6.8% | |
| Severely abnormal | 10.9% | 6.6% | 15.4% | |
| Left ventricular end-diastolic volume | 79.1 ± 26.9 | 68.7 ± 20.8 | 89.8 ± 28.4 | < 0.001 |
| Left ventricular end-systolic volume | 34.1 ± 15.6 | 29.4 ± 12.8 | 38.9 ± 16.8 | < 0.001 |
| Left ventricular ejection fraction | 61.0 ± 5.5 | 61.9 ± 5.7 | 60.2 ± 5.2 | < 0.001 |
| Left ventricular ejection fraction | ||||
| Mildly abnormal (LVEF 40–52 to 54%) | 3.0% | 2.7% | 3.4% | 0.541 |
| Moderately abnormal (LVEF 30–39%) | 0.7% | 1.0% | 0.3% | |
| Mitral E/e’ ratio | 7.2 ± 2.3 | 7.3 ± 2.3 | 7.2 ± 2.4 | 0.553 |
| Right ventricular basal diameter (mm) | 30.5 ± 6.3 | 28.6 ± 5.3 | 32.5 ± 6.5 | < 0.001 |
| TAPSE (mm) | 23.4 ± 3.4 | 23.2 ± 3.3 | 23.7 ± 3.4 | 0.113 |
| Pulmonary artery systolic pressure (mmHg) [n = 329] | 27.9 ± 5.2 | 27.6 ± 4.8 | 28.3 ± 5.5 | 0.210 |
| Global longitudinal strain (− %) | 20.6 ± 2.7 | 21.4 ± 2.6 | 19.9 ± 2.7 | < 0.001 |
| RV free wall GLS (− %) [n = 460] | 26.0 ± 4.4 | 26.1 ± 4.7 | 25.8 ± 4.2 | 0.462 |
mm millimeter, LVEF left ventricular ejection fraction, TAPSE tricuspid annular plane systolic 11excursion, RV right ventricle, GLS global longitudinal strain