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. 2022 Aug 13;13:4752. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-32353-6

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — (1) Experimental evolution was run with two starting genetic backgrounds and five transfer schemes with various dilution factors and transfer periods (L1, L10, L100, M1, and S1) for 1000 days. (2) After experimental evolution, 44 clones were isolated from evolved populations. Specifically, we used two independent clones isolated from each of two populations for each combination of genetic background and transfer scheme, except four independent populations for WT, L10 combination. A/B denote evolved populations with MMR- background; C, D, E, and F denote evolved populations with WT background. (3) Each isolated clone was subject to a MA/WGS experiment to estimate its rate and molecular spectrum of mutations.