Fig. 5.

Drugs regulating the inflammatory response in NAFL/NASH. In NASH, extracellular PAMPs or metabolic stress activates proinflammatory signaling pathways through multiple receptors. Drugs regulate inflammation in NAFL/NASH by targeting different inflammatory pathways, such as TNF-α, TLR-IL-1R, IL-17 signaling, and caspase signaling. Drugs at different clinical stages are indicated in different colors. Created with BioRender. PAMP pathogen-associated molecular patterns, TLR Toll-like receptor, IL-R interleukin-receptor, Myd88 myeloid differentiation factor 88, IRAK interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1, TRAF TNF receptor-associated factor, ASK apoptosis signal-regulating kinase, TAK transforming growth factor beta-activated kinase, JNK c-Jun N-terminal kinase, MAPK mitogen-activated protein kinase, ERK extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases, Casp caspase, AP-1 activating protein-1, NFκB nuclear factor kappa B, PTX pentoxifylline, DUSP7 dual specific phosphatase, RGS5 hepatic regulator of G protein signaling 5, TIPE2 tumor necrosis factor-alpha–induced protein 8-like 2. Drugs at different clinical stages are indicated in different colors