Table 2.
Maternal consumption of food groups, and energy and nutrient intake according to Mediterranean Diet adherence categories during pregnancy (n = 614).
| Total cohort | rMedDiet adherence categories | p value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low (0–9) | Medium (10–11) | High (12–18) | |||
| rMedDiet score (point)* | 10.0 (3.0) | 8.0 (2.0) | 10.0 (1.0) | 13.0 (1.0) | |
| rMedDiet component score (g/day)* | |||||
| Fruits and nuts | 165.1 (127.9) | 136.9 (109.7) | 170.9 (123.2)‡ | 211.5 (147.7)‡ | < 0.001 |
| Vegetables | 74.2 (48.1) | 58.1 (37.6) | 78.2 (40.0)‡ | 99.8 (48.3)‡ | < 0.001 |
| Legumes | 13.5 (10.0) | 11.4 (8.6) | 14.1 (11.4)‡ | 17.1 (12.8)‡ | < 0.001 |
| Cereals | 150.2 (65.9) | 141.8 (59.1) | 155.1 (67.9) | 157.3 (73.6)‡ | 0.015 |
| Fresh fish and shellfish | 42.8 (32.5) | 33.8 (26.8) | 45.2 (31.54)‡ | 58.8 (33.5)‡ | < 0.001 |
| Meat and meat products | 99.1 (46.7) | 107.1 (50.0) | 96.4 (41.6)‡ | 91.7 (40.4)‡ | < 0.001 |
| Dairy products | 328.9 (148.4) | 351.3 (127.7) | 322.6 (161.9) | 266.7 (180.7)‡ | < 0.001 |
| Alcohol | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0)‡ | 0.002 |
| Olive oil | 69.4 (23.5) | 71.8 (23.3) | 67.5 (24.3) | 67.0 (23.5) | 0.41 |
| Energy and dietary nutrient intakes/day | |||||
| Energy (kcal) | 2116.5 (626.0) | 2157.2 (555.2) | 2099.0 (659.7) | 2019.0 (673.4) | 0.07 |
| Proteins (g) | 55.9 (18.2) | 55.7 (17.9) | 56.2 (17.7) | 56.3 (22.1) | 0.64 |
| Carbohydrates (g) | 168.3 (69.2) | 170.4 (64.9) | 170.7 (60.9) | 161.2 (79.9) | 0.82 |
| Total lipids (g) | 103.7 (20.3) | 106.6 (19.5) | 101.8 (19.5)‡ | 99.6 (21.3)‡ | 0.016 |
| Saturated fats (g) | 26.7 (6.9) | 27.8 (6.8) | 25.9 (70.1)‡ | 25.1 (6.6)‡ | < 0.001 |
| Monounsaturated fats (g) | 58.1 (10.7) | 60.3 (9.5) | 56.7 (9.5)‡ | 56.2 (11.8)‡ | 0.012 |
| Polyunsaturated fats (g) | 11.0 (1.6) | 10.9 (1.5) | 10.9 (1.5) | 11.3 (1.8)‡ | 0.038 |
| Fibre (g) | 12.0 (4.6) | 11.2 (4.1) | 12.4 (4.7)‡ | 13.6 (5.2)‡ | < 0.001 |
| Calcium (mg/d) | 668.4 (251.1) | 672.5 (225.6) | 672.1 (255.1) | 613.7 (274.9)‡ | 0.009 |
| Iron (mg) | 7.4 (2.5) | 7.3 (2.2) | 7.5 (2.5) | 7.6 (2.9)‡ | 0.020 |
| Vitamin A (µg) | 610.0 (198.8) | 593.3 (197.2) | 613.1 (194.2) | 613.5 (244.3)‡ | 0.018 |
| Vitamin E (mg) | 10.8 (1.9) | 10.8 (1.7) | 10.8 (1.9) | 11.2 (2.6)‡ | < 0.001 |
| Vitamin C (mg) | 70.1 (38.7) | 63.5 (30.4) | 74.8 (37.2)‡ | 89.1 (45.9)‡ | < 0.001 |
| Beta-carotene (μg) | 1573.1 (584.7) | 1334.1 (464.5) | 1639.9 (536.2)‡ | 1972.8 (635.0)‡ | < 0.001 |
| Vitamin D (µg) | 1.7 (1.1) | 1.5 (1.0) | 1.8 (1.1)‡ | 2.1 (1.0)‡ | < 0.001 |
| Vitamin B6 (mg) | 1.2 (0.4) | 1.2 (0.4) | 1.2 (0.4) | 1.3 (0.5)‡ | 0.001 |
| Vitamin B12 (µg) | 4.3 (1.7) | 4.3 (1.7) | 4.3 (1.5) | 4.2 (1.9) | 0.69 |
| Folate (μg) | 193.4 (72.2) | 181.8 (59.4) | 199.4 (72.8)‡ | 219.5 (98.1)‡ | < 0.001 |
*Values are expressed in median values (interquartile range). rMedDiet, Mediterranean diet.
‡p value < 0.05 vs. low category. p values for differences across the three rMedDiet adherence categories were calculated with ANOVA.