Table 1.

Examples of RTK inhibitors used in preclinical or clinical therapies for pediatric high-grade glioma.

Target	Drugs	Observations
PDGFR	Dasatinib Imatinib Avapritinib Crenolanib Sunitinib Dovitinib Nintedanib Tandutinib	No activity in GBM, promising with everolimus (14, 51) Risk of intratumoral hemorrhage (55) Specific to PDGFRA, in clinical trials (53, 54) No significant improvement in clinical trial (56) No significant antitumor activity (57) Phase II GBM trial, no survival change (58) Phase II GBM trial, failed first endpoint (59) Phase II GBM trial, closed after interim analysis (60)
EGFR	Erlotinib Gefitinib Lapatinib Cetuximab Osimertinib Afatinib Dacomitinib WSD0922	Clinical trials showing lack of results (67) Inhibits growth in vitro, promising trial results (103, 104) Little single agent activity (68, 105) Unsuccessful phase II clinical trial (69) Cases show slowly progressive disease (13) Cases show slowly progressive disease (13) Activity against EGFR-amplified adult GBM (72) CNS penetrant, undergoing clinical trials (73, 74)
FGFR	Ponatinib Erdafitinib	Showed antiproliferative effect in DIPG cells (80) Response in several glioblastoma patients (85)
MET, multi-kinase	Capmatinib Bozitinib Tivozanib Sorafenib Cediranib Apatinib Cabozantinib Crizotinib Vandetanib Pazopanib Axitinib	No activity in phase II adult GBM trial (86) Achieved partial response in two patients (87) No survival change in phase II adult GBM trial (88) No efficacy in phase I/II adult GBM trials (89, 90) Improved PFS in phase II adult GBM, failed phase III (91, 92) Favorable results in adult GBM trials (93, 94) Modest activity in preclinical and in adult GBM (95, 96) Phase I trial with dasatinib, no activity (97) Trialed alone and with dasatinib or everolimus (98–100) No activity in adult GBM (101) Improved survival in phase II adult GBM trial (102)