Table 1.
Characteristics of the study population in rural areas in the Netherlands.
| Characteristic | Total populationa | Individuals notified with a positive SARS-CoV-2 test and symptom onset before 1 January 2022a,b |
|---|---|---|
| n | 12,628,244 | 2,223,692 |
| Age category: | ||
| 0-14 (%) | 16.5 | 14.9 |
| 15-24 (%) | 11.9 | 17.2 |
| 25-44 (%) | 22.6 | 27.9 |
| 45-64 (%) | 29.0 | 28.3 |
| 65 and older (%) | 20.0 | 11.6 |
| Distance to the nearest livestock farm: | ||
| >1 km (%) | 38.5 | 38.0 |
| 751–1000 m (%) | 16.3 | 16.1 |
| 501–750 m (%) | 19.1 | 19.2 |
| 251–500 m (%) | 17.1 | 17.4 |
| 0–250 m (%) | 8.9 | 9.3 |
| Ambient air pollution: | ||
| Annual average concentration of PM10 in 2019: | ||
| Mean (μg/m3) | 17.2 | 17.3 |
| 5-percentile (μg/m3) | 14.6 | 14.7 |
| 25-percentile (μg/m3) | 16.3 | 16.5 |
| 75-percentile (μg/m3) | 18.2 | 18.2 |
| 95-percentile (μg/m3) | 18.9 | 19.0 |
| Annual average concentration of NO2 in 2019: | ||
| Mean (μg/m3) | 16.1 | 16,3 |
| 5-percentile (μg/m3) | 10.2 | 10.6 |
| 25-percentile (μg/m3) | 13.6 | 14.0 |
| 75-percentile (μg/m3) | 18.2 | 18.4 |
| 95-percentile (μg/m3) | 22.5 | 22.7 |
| Social status postal code: | ||
| Mean score | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| 5-percentile (low) | −2.05 | −2.00 |
| 25-percentile | −0.57 | −0.53 |
| 75-percentile | 0.72 | 0.73 |
| 95-percentile (high) | 1.59 | 1.67 |
| Region: | ||
| North (%) | 11.6 | 8.8 |
| East (%) | 25.3 | 24.7 |
| West (%) | 40.3 | 41.9 |
| South (%) | 22.7 | 24.6 |
| Urbanisation degree postal code: | ||
| Highly urbanised (1500–2499 addresses per km2) (%) | 33.3 | 33.1 |
| Moderately urbanised (1000–1499 addresses per km2) (%) | 22.6 | 22.3 |
| Low-urbanised (500-999 addresses per km2) (%) | 22.5 | 22.8 |
| Non-urban (<500 addresses per km2) (%) | 21.7 | 21.8 |
a
Excluding those living in in a postal code area with a missing social score, with a nursing home, in very strongly urbanised areas, or within 2 km from the border with Belgium or Germany.
b
Individuals with a notified positive SARS-CoV-2 test and with estimated symptom onset in 2020 or 2021, excluding those without available data on age and 6-digit postal code area.