Table 3.
Odds ratios (95% confidence interval) for quintiles of distance to nearest livestock farm and for distance to different farm types for being notified with a positive SARS-CoV-2 test. Results are for the Netherlands and excluded from the analyses are residential addresses with a distance of more than 10 km from the respective type of farm, in areas with a missing social score, with presence of a nursing home, in very strongly urbanised areas, or within 2000 m of the border of Germany or Belgium.
| Type of farm |
n |
cases |
Distance of residential address to the nearest livestock farmb |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quintile 1 |
Quintile 2 |
Quintile 3 |
Quintile 4 |
Quintile 5 |
|||
| OR (95% CI)c | OR (95% CI)c | OR (95% CI)c | OR (95% CI)c | Refc | |||
| Any livestock | 12,628,244 | 2,223,692 | 1.09 (1.09–1.10)*** | 1.05 (1.04–1.05)*** | 1.02 (1.02–1.03)*** | 1.01 (1.00–1.01)** | 1 |
| Cattle | 12,628,244 | 2,223,692 | 1.10 (1.09–1.10)*** | 1.04 (1.03–1.04)*** | 1.01 (1.01–1.02)*** | 1.01 (1.00–1.01)* | 1 |
| Goat | 11,419,526 | 2,012,574 | 1.06 (1.06–1.07)*** | 1.03 (1.02–1.03)*** | 1.04 (1.03–1.04)*** | 1.01 (1.01–1.02)*** | 1 |
| Sheep | 12,592,187 | 2,217,800 | 1.04 (1.03–1.04)*** | 1.01 (1.01–1.02)*** | 1.00 (0.99–1.00) | 0.99 (0.99–1.00)** | 1 |
| Horse | 12,583,312 | 2,216,261 | 0.98 (0.98–0.99)*** | 0.98 (0.97–0.98)*** | 0.97 (0.97–0.98)*** | 0.98 (0.97–0.98)*** | 1 |
| Pig | 11,469,245 | 2,026,060 | 1.11 (1.10–1.12)*** | 1.07 (1.06–1.07)*** | 1.05 (1.04–1.05)*** | 1.04 (1.03–1.04)*** | 1 |
| Poultry | 10,843,208 | 1,890,968 | 1.10 (1.09–1.11)*** | 1.05 (1.04–1.05)*** | 1.02 (1.02–1.03)*** | 1.00 (1.00–1.01) | 1 |
| Rabbit | 2,636,600 | 493,186 | 1.07 (1.05–1.08)*** | 1.05 (1.04–1.07)*** | 0.99 (0.98–1.00) | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 1 |
| Mink quarter 1d | 3,983,911 | 5,663 | 1.25 (1.15–1.36)*** | 1.05 (0.96–1.14) | 1.09 (1.00–1.19). | 1.01 (0.93–1.11) | 1 |
| Mink quarter 2–4d | 3,983,911 | 176,119 | 1.03 (1.02–1.05)*** | 1.05 (1.03–1.07)*** | 1.00 (0.98–1.02) | 1.00 (0.98–1.02) | 1 |
p < 0.1, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.
aIndividuals with a notified positive SARS-CoV-2 test and with estimated symptom onset before January 1, 2022, excluding those without available data on age and 6-digit postal code area.
The upper and lower bounds of the quintiles are specified per type of farm in Table S1.
Model with 25 regional catchment areas of Public Health Services as random effect adjusted for age category, social status of the four-digit postal-code area, and annual average concentration of PM10 and NO2 in 2019 of the six-digit postal-code area.
Quarter 1: January–March 2020, before culling of mink; quarter 2–4: April–December 2020, during culling of mink and before mink farming was prohibited.