Table 2.
Characteristics of the included studies.
| SN | References |
Study type (Screening/survey/
surveillance) and/or cross-sectional/longitudinal |
Study detail (sample) |
Study detail (geography/
districts) |
Population characteristics (Sex, age) | Population characteristics (caste/ethnicity) | Population characteristics (healthy, clinical) | Outcome measured | Remarks (publication type) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Acharya et al. (33) | Opportunistic screening campaign | 11486 | Nepal | 18 years and above, female- 6,568 (57%) | Not available (NA) | Healthy and clinical (on medications), both | • Proportion of hypertension; • Proportion of hypertension awareness among the hypertensives; • Proportion of persons on medication among the hypertensive |
Conference abstract book |
| 2 | Adhikari (34) | Screening of cardiac patients using the invasive and non-invasive technology, Cardiac Camps (through May measurement month screening) | Varying (depends upon the screening technology)—For May measurement month screening Camps-1857 | Nepal (facility-based) | All ages | Not available (NA) | Clinical and healthy | • Proportion of hypertension-camp based | Annual report |
| 3 | Agho et al. (35) | Secondary analysis of NDHS 2016 | 14,857 (males: 6,245 and females: 8,612) | Nepal | 15 years and above | Not available (NA) | Clinical and healthy | • Prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension | Original article |
| 4 | Bhattarai et al. (36) | Secondary analysis | NA | Nepal | General population | NA | Clinical and healthy | • Proportion of contribution of CVD in mortality and DALYs | Original article |
| 5 | Bist et al. (37) | Survey | 5593 | Nepal | 15–69 yrs. | NA | Clinical and healthy | • Proportion of raised blood pressure • Proportion of raised blood glucose |
Original article |
| 6 | Brewis et al. (38) | Secondary analysis of NDHS 2016 | 14842 | Nepal | General population | NA | Clinical and healthy | • Proportion of raised blood pressure | Research article |
| 7 | Aryal et al. (39) | Survey | 521 | Mustang and Humla (Mountain) | 30 years and above | Tibetans and Khas-Aryas. | Clinical and healthy | • Proportion of raised blood pressure • Proportion of prediabetic and diabetic |
Research article |
| 8 | Das Gupta et al. (40) | Secondary analysis of NDHS 2016 | 13,393 | Nepal | 18 years and above | General population | Clinical and healthy | • Proportion of hypertension awareness among the hypertensive • Proportion of using antihypertensive use among the hypertensive • Proportion of controlled BP among the hypertensive |
Research article |
| 9 | Das Gupta et al. (41) | Secondary analysis of NDHS 2016 | 13,393 | Nepal | 18 years and above | General population | Clinical and healthy | • Prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension | Research article |
| 10 | Datta and Humagain (42) | Secondary analysis of NDHS 2016 | 3,778 | Nepal | 15–49 years married women | General population | Clinical and healthy | • Prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension | Research article |
| 11 | Dhungana et al. (43) | Secondary analysis of NCD Survey 2018 | 8,931 | Nepal | 20 years and above | General population | Clinical and healthy | • Prevalence of comorbidity with hypertension and diabetics | Research article |
| 12 | Dhungana et al. (44) | Survey | 347 | Sitapaila VDC, Kathmandu | 18–70 years excluding self- reported CVD and pregnant women | General population | Clinical and healthy | • Prevalence of hypertension • Prevalence of diabetes |
Research article |
| 13 | Ene-Iordache et al. (45) | Secondary analysis of 12 countries (LMICs) | Total = 75,058; Nepal = 21066 | 12 countries | 18 years or older | General population | Clinical and healthy | • Prevalence of hypertension • Prevalence of having awareness of disease onset (HTN and Diabetes) |
Research article |
| 14 | Ghimire et al. (46) | Secondary analysis of STEPS 2013 | 526 | Nepal | 60–69 years | General population | Clinical and healthy | • Prevalence of hypertension • Prevalence of diabetes |
Research article |
| 15 | Ghimire et al. (47) | Secondary analysis of STEP Survey 2013 | 4,200 | Nepal | 45–69 years | NA | General population | • Prevalence of raised blood pressure | Research article |
| 16 | Gyawali et al. (48) | Review article | 34 studies | Nepal | NA | NA | NA | • Costing per case treatment • Prevalence of DM type 2 |
Research article |
| 17 | Paudel et al. (49) | Descriptive cross-sectional study | 977 family members of 290 households | Kaski district, Nepal. | • Male 46.4%, Female 53.6% • Adult 79.5%, Elderly 20.5% |
Brahmin 41.4%, Chhetri 17.4%, Dalit 88%, Gurung 18.2%, Others 14.2 % | Healthy and clinical (on medications), both | • Proportion of hypertension • Proportion of hypertensive patients under medication • Proportion. of hypertensive patients who had their blood pressure under control after taking the medications |
Research article |
| 18 | Peoples et al. (50) | Mixed-method Survey | 114 Quantitative; 20 Qualitative | Ten PHC facilities across two regions of Nepal: five in Kailali district and five in Sindhuli district. | • Male (51%) female (49%) of over 18 years of age | NA | Have ever been diagnosed with at least one of the following conditions: heart disease, stroke, hypertension, and/or diabetes | • Assessment of the use and perception of PHC services in Nepal among people living with Cardio metabolic diseases for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease | Research article |
| 19 | Rana et al. (51) | Secondary analysis of NDHS 2016 | 13,436 | Nepal | Male = 5,645, Female = 7,790, Population of age 18 years and above | NA | Healthy | • Prevalence of hypertension • Factors associated with hypertension |
Published article |
| 20 | Rai et al. (52) | Cross-sectional | 1,905 | Kathmandu, Nepal | Male = 60.3%, Female = 39.7% | NA | Clinical | • Proportion of hypertension • Proportion of diabetes • Proportion of combined diabetes and hypertension |
Research article |
| 21 | Rauniyar et al. (31) | Secondary analysis of NDHS 2016 | 802,167 (787,713 in India, 14,454 in Nepal) | India and Nepal | Nepal • (Male = 58.2%, Female = 41.8%) • Age between 15 and 49 years |
NA | Healthy and clinical (on medications), both | • Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension • Wealth-based inequality in prevalence and management of hypertension |
Research article |
| 22 | Sainju et al. (53) | Cross sectional | 1,243 | Sindupalchowk district | Female 70%, Male 30%, 18 and above age | NA | Healthy | • Prevalence of pre hypertension and hypertension. | Research article |
| 23 | Saito et al. (54) | Cross-sectional | 9,177 individuals residing in 1,997 households | Kathmandu, Nepal | • Female 49.1%, Male 51.0% • All ages |
NA | Healthy | • Prevalence of non-hypertension and diabetes | Research article |
| 24 | Paudel et al. (55) | Secondary analysis of STEPS 2013 | 1,977 | Nepal | 15–69 years | NA | Healthy and clinical (on medications), both | • Prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus • Factors associated withType-2 Diabetes Mellitus |
Journal Pre-proof document |
| 25 | Gyawali et al. (56) | Population-based cross-sectional survey | 2,310 | Lekhnath Municipality of Nepal | (Female 68%, Male 32%) 25 years or above | Upper caste = 54%, Janajati = 32%, Others = 14% | Healthy | • Prevalence of type 2 diabetes • Factors associated with Type 2 diabetes Awareness, treatment, and control status of type 2 diabetes |
Research article |
| 26 | Shrestha et al. (57) | Systematic review | 15 studies were included in the qualitative and quantitative analysis | Nepal | NA | Having prevalence of T2DM and/or details such as risk factors | • Prevalence of T2DM, pre-diabetes, and impaired glucose tolerance • Factors associated with T2DM |
Research article | |
| 27 | Shrestha et al. (58) | Review | 14 eligible studies that comprised a total of 44,129 participants and 3,517 diabetes cases | Nepal | ≥20 years old | NA | Healthy, clinical (on medication) l | • Prevalence of Prediabetes and diabetes awareness, treatment and control of diabetes | Research article |
| 28 | Shrestha et al. (59) | Hospital based cross sectional | 2,256 | Bhaktapur district, Nepal | Age: Between 40 and 69 years old. | NA | Outpatients | • Prevalence of hypertension and pre-pre hypertension • Factors associated with hypertension and pre-pre hypertension |
Research article |
| 29 | Silvanus et al. (60) | Community based, cross-sectional, analytical study | 256 | Budhanilkantha Municipality, Kathmandu district | 170 female, 86 male Age: 50 years old and above | NA | Healthy | • Prevalence of diabetes • Classification of risk for developing diabetes |
Research article |
| 30 | Silvanus et al. (61) | Community based, cross-sectional, analytical study | 162 | Budhanilkantha municipality in Kathmandu District | NA | Healthy | • Prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes and prediabetes | Research article | |
| 31 | Tan et al. (62) | Qualitative study | 23 IDIs and 1 FGD | Kavre district, Nepal | NA | Individuals with hypertension | • Hypertension awareness and treatment. • Health system-related barriers and facilitators of hypertension care utilization. |
Research article | |
| 32 | Tang et al. (63) | Secondary analysis of May Measurement Month | Total = 52,180; Nepal = 14,795 | USA, India, and Nepal | Age: 18 years or older | All | Healthy | • Misclassification rates of 1st, 2nd, and contrasting 1st with second (given that 1st measures ≥130/80) by taking at least two measurements | Research article |
| 33 | Timilsina (64) | Mixed method study | 212 | Kathmandu and Kailali district | 16 years above | All | Tuberculosis patients | • Prevalence of DM among TB patients | Research article |
| 34 | Sharma et al. (65) | Cross-sectional | 320 | Morang district | 15 years and above Male = 214, Female = 96 | NA | Clinical | • Prevalence of diabetes • Predictors of the risk factors of Diabetes among the Tuberculosis Patients |
Research article |
| 35 | Yadav et al. (66) | Interventional time-series of cases | 258 | Dharan | Male = 123, Female = 135 | NA | General OPD patients | • Prevalence of hypertension | Research article |
| 36 | Hassan et al. (67) | Secondary analysis of NDHS 2016 | 3,334 | Nepal | >18 years | NA | Hypertensive patients | • Proportion of hypertension awareness among the hypertensive | Research article |
| 37 | Kadaria and Aro (68) | Survey (clinic based) | 270 | Two clinics of Lalitpur and Kaski districts | 30–70 years | NA | type 2 diabetes patients | • Prevalence of physical activity; 52% were moderately active and 28% highly active. | Research article |
| 38 | Karmacharya et al. (69) | Survey | 1,073 | Dhulikhel | ≥18 years | NA | healthy and clinical | • Proportion of hypertension awareness among the hypertensive • Proportion of taking medication among the hypertensive • Prevalence of Control of HTN |
Research article |
| 39 | Khanal et al. (70) | RCT | 125 | Birendranagar municipality of Surkhet district | ≥30 years | NA | Hypertnsive patients | • Proportion of taking medication among the hypertensives • Prevalence of Control of HTN |
Research article |
| 40 | Khanal et al. (71) | Survey | 1,159 | Birendranagar Municipality of Surkhet district | ≥30 years | NA | Clinical and healthy | • Prevalence of HTN • Proportion of hypertension awareness among the hypertensives • Proportion of taking medication among the hypertensives • Proportion of controlled BP among the hypertensives • Prevalence of DM |
Report |
| 41 | Kibria et al. (72) | Secondary analysis of NDHS 2016 | 13,519 | Nepal | 18 years or older | NA | Clinical and healthy | • Prevalence of HTN (as per JNC and ACC/AHA criteria) • Proportion of hypertension awareness among the hypertensives • Proportion of taking medication among the hypertensives • Proportion of controlled BP among the hypertensives |
Research article |
| 42 | Koirala et al. (73) | Screening at community based setting | 140 | Community of Dharan | ≥18 years | Aryans and Mangolians | Hypertnsive patients | • Proportion of controlled BP among the hypertensives | Research article |
| 43 | Koirala et al. (74) | Survey | 188 | Tsarang village, of Mustang district | ≥18–80 years | Highlanders | healthy and clinical | • Prevalence of HTN • Prevalence of DM |
Research article |
| 44 | Kushwaha and Kadel (75) | Camp survey | 114 | Community hospital of Kathmandu | >14 years | NA | healthy | • Prevalence of DM | Research article |
| 45 | Mehata et al. (76) | Nationally representative cross-sectional study | 4,200 | Mountain, Hill, and Terai | Adults aged 15–69 years | NA | • Prevalence of metabolic syndrome • Determinants of MetS |
Research article | |
| 46 | Mehata et al. (77) | Secondary analysis of NDHS 2016 | 13,598 | Mountain, Hill, and Terai | Adults aged 15–69 years | NA | Healthy | • Proportion of Hypertension; • Proportion of hypertension awareness among the hypertensives • Proportion of hypertension treatment among the hypertensives • Proportion of hypertension control among the hypertensives |
Research article |
| 47 | Mishra et al. (78) | Secondary analysis of NDHS 2016 | 14,823 | Mountain, Hill, and Terai | 15 years and above (6,245 males and 8,612 females) | NA | Healthy | • Examine the socio-economic inequalities in prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension | Research article |
| 48 | Mizuno et al. (79) | Cross-sectional study | Total, 1,899; Nepal, 700 | Bangladesh, Indonesia, Nepal, and Vietnam | Female (54%) male (46% | NA | Healthy | • Association between urinary heavy metal concentrations and blood pressure among residents of four Asian countries (Bangladesh, Indonesia, Nepal, and Vietnam) | Research article |
| 49 | Bista et al. (80) | Secondary analysis of NDHS data 2016 | 6,396 | Mountain, Hill, and Terai | Women of age 15–49 years | Advantage (31.3%) group, Dalit (12.6%), Janjati (36.6%), Other (19.5%) | Healthy | • Prevalence of non-communicable diseases risk factors among reproductive aged women of Nepal • Determinants of non-communicable diseases risk factors |
Research article |
| 50 | Neupane et al. (81) | Cross-sectional study | 123 Female community health volunteers (FCHVs) | Lekhnath municipality, Nepal | 20 years and above | Dalit (4.4%), Disadvantaged Janjati (5.3%), Relatively advantaged janajati (9.7%), Upper caste (80.5%) | Healthy | • Knowledge of diagnosis, risk factors, and complications • Attitude toward hypertension and its risk factors • Attitude toward community behavior related to hypertension • Attitude toward future involvement in hypertension management |
Research article |
| 51 | Neupane et al. (82) | Community-based, open-label, two-group, cluster-randomized controlled trial | 1,638 participants (939 assigned to intervention; 699 assigned to control) | Nepal | Adults 25–65 years | NA | Healthy | • Mean systolic blood pressure at 1 year | Research article |
| 52 | Neupane et al. (83) | Cross-sectional study | 2,815 households | Semi urban area of Lekhnath Municipality,Nepal | Adult population (≥18 years) Female (63%), Male (37%) | NA | Healthy | • Calculate prevalence, awareness, treatment and control level of hypertension. | Research article |
| 53 | Niraula et al. (84) | Hospital based cross-sectional study | 204 diagnosed patients (102 males and 102 females) with T2DM and 102 healthy controls were enrolled in the study | BPKIHs, Dharan, Nepal | Newly diagnosed and follow-up cases of T2DM v | • Reveal the adenosine deaminase activity in type 2 diabetes mellitus | Research article |