Table 4.
Disease-wise summary prevalence/proportion (range*) of included studies.
| SN | Study characteristics and demographics | DM | HTN | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Min-Max | Ref | Min-Max | Ref | ||
| 1 | Samples | ||||
| Primary studies | 114–9,177 | [55, 76] | 123–11,486 | [33, 82] | |
| Secondary analysis | 526–21,066 | [45, 46] | 526–21,066 | [45, 46] | |
| 2 | Total (M; F) | 114–14,857 (58–6,245; 56–8,612) | |||
| 3 | Study types | ||||
| Total (n = 53)$ | 21 | 44 | |||
| Primary study (n = 31) | 15 | 22 | |||
| Secondary analysis (n = 21) | 4 | 20 | |||
| Review studies (n = 3) | 1 | 2 | |||
| Interventional studies (n = 3) | 0 | 3 | |||
| Qualitative (n = 1) | 0 | 1 | |||
| Mixed-methods studies (n = 2) | 2 | 1 | |||
| 4 | Sex-wise distribution | ||||
| Male | 12.7 | [56] | 22.8–55.4 | [51, 83] | |
| Female | 6.9 | [56] | 10.9–43.9 | [40, 42] | |
| 5 | Age | ||||
| General (all) | 4.4–18.8 | [65, 75] | 17.2–70.0 | [34, 35] | |
| 15–49 yrs | - | 10.9–19.6 | [42, 53] | ||
| 15–69 yrs | 9.0 | [56] | 8.2–31.4 | [47, 77] | |
| 18 yrs+ | 4.6–11.7 | [57, 75] | 5.7–54.5 | [39, 43] | |
| 18–70 yrs | - | 34.6 | [44] | ||
| 40–69 yrs | - | 40.6 | [60] | ||
| 50 yrs+ | 16.3 | [61] | - | ||
| 60–69 yrs | 15.0 | [46] | 57.2 | [46] | |
| 6 | Geographic distribution | ||||
| National (more than 1 province) | 5.7–15.0 | [43, 46] | 5.7–70.0 | [34, 43] | |
| Province 1 | 11.9 | [66] | 56.0 | [67] | |
| Madhesh | - | 53.1# | [68] | ||
| Bagmati | 4.4–32.5 | [52, 76] | 30.2–40.8 | [52, 54] | |
| Gandaki | 4.6–11.7 | [57, 75] | 20.7–46.1 | [39, 75] | |
| Lumbini | - | 45.4# | [68] | ||
| Karnali | 6.9 | 29.1–54.5 | [39] | ||
| Sudur-Paschim | 18.8 | [39] | 41.9# | [68] | |
| Urban | - | [65] | 46.1–54.5 | [39] | |
| Rural | - | 29.1–40.9 | [39] | ||
| 7 | Ecological belts | ||||
| Mountain | 4.6–6.9 | [39, 75] | 20.7–54.5 | [39, 75] | |
| Hill | 4.4–16.3 | [61, 76] | 28.0–56.0 | [67, 84] | |
| Terai | 11.9–18.8 | [65, 66] | 51.4# | [68] | |
| 8 | Participants | ||||
| Healthy | 4.4–16.3 | [61, 76] | 18.0–36.7 | [55, 78] | |
| Clinical | 18.8 | [65] | 13.7–56.0 | [34, 67] | |
| Both | 5.7–15.0 | [43, 46] | 5.7–70.0 | [34, 43] | |
| 9 | Types of study/screening settings | ||||
| Survey/evidence synthesis | 5.7–14.4 | [43, 55] | 5.7–57.2 | [43, 46] | |
| Ambulatory | 11.9–18.8 | [65, 66] | 40.6–40.8 | [52, 60] | |
| Opportunistic | - | 31.3 | [33] | ||
| Camp | 4.4 | [76] | 70.0 | [34] | |
| 10 | Disease awareness and control | ||||
| Awareness | 35.0–80.0 | [45, 57] | 23.6–74 | [73, 45] | |
| On medication (among aware) | 45.3–94.0 | [57, 59] | 9.8–94.9 | [49, 73] | |
| BP/Sugar control (by medicine) | 21.0–36.7 | [57, 59] | 8.2–52.0 | [72, 78] | |
| BP/Sugar control (overall) | - | 9.7–68.4 | [49, 73] | ||
| On medication (overall) | 59.3 | [44] | 18.0–66.8 | [44, 78] | |
| 11 | Pre-and undiagnosed proportions | ||||
| Pre-diabetes/pre-HTN | 9.2–31.6 | [59, 75] | 11.2–36.8 | [54, 60] | |
| Undiagnosed Pre-DM/HTN | 7.1 | [62] | [68] | ||
| Undiagnosed DM/HTN | 4.3 | [62] | 50.4# | ||
| 12 | Co-morbid status | ||||
| HTN and DM | 5.7–20.2 | [43, 52] | |||
| HTN and COPD | 4.8 | [43] | |||
| HTN and CKD | 4.0 | [43] | |||
*
In some variables, only single value could be extracted.
$
Some studies were common for DM and HTN.
#
Among the total hypertensive participants, identified only in NDHS 2016 survey but not by health professionals earlier, as diagnosed and undiagnosed.