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. 2022 Aug 1;13:919696. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2022.919696

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Copyright © 2022 Shahid, Al-Khattaf, Danish, Zeyad, Atef Hatamleh, Mohamed and Ali.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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R. sativus seeds germinated on soft agar plates treated with 0% (A), 5% (B), 10% (C), and 15% NaCl (D). Effect of different rates of NaCl on germination efficiency (E), radical length (F), vigor index (G), plumule length (H) survival (I), and tolerance index (J) of R. sativus seeds grown on soft agar plates in vitro. (K–R) represent the CLSM images of NaCl-induced permeability and cellular death in root tissues of radish treated with 7, 10, 12, and 15% NaCl, respectively. In this figure, bar diagrams represent the mean values of three replicates (n = 3). Corresponding error bars represent standard deviation (S.D) of three replicates (SD, n = 3). The asterisks *, **, and # denote statistical significance at p < 0.05, p < 0.005 and p < 0.001, respectively, computed by Student's T-test.