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. 2020 Nov 3;64(2):96–107. doi: 10.1111/idj.12087

Table 1.

Characteristics of studies included

Study ID Study design Country Sex (male/female) Age Methods (comparison) Anaesthesia technique Dosage (experiment/control) Recording time Outcome
Abdulwahab5 Crossover USA 6/12 18–65 3% Mepivacaine with 2% lidocaine + 1:100,000 adrenaline in mandibular first molars Infiltration 0.9 ml Every minute for the first 20 minutes after injection using EPT SRA
Schleder16 Crossover USA 40/35 20–31 3% Mepivacaine with 2% lidocaine + 1:100,000 adrenaline in mandibular first premolar Periodontal ligament injection 1.82 ml 2,4,10,30,45 minutes using EPT SRA, PTI, AE
Mason17 Crossover USA 31/29 19–43 3% Mepivacaine with 2% lidocaine + 1:100,000 adrenaline/2% lidocaine + 1:50,000 adrenaline in maxillary lateral incisor and first molars Infiltration 1.8 ml 3-min cycles for 60 minutes at 1 minutes after injection using EPT SRA, OTP
Lawary18 Crossover USA 30/30 21–31 2% Mepivacaine + 1:20,000 levonordefrin with 2% lidocaine + 1:100,000 adrenaline in maxillary teeth Infiltration 1.8 ml 2-minute cycles for 60 minutes at 1 minute after injection using EPT SRA
Berberich19 Crossover USA 34/6 23–33 3% mepivacaine with 2% lidocaine + 1:100,000 adrenaline/2% lidocaine + 1:50,000 adrenaline in maxillary teeth Intraoral, infraorbital nerve block Unclear 4-minute cycles for 60 min at 1–4 min after injection using EPT SRA, PTI, PTP, OTP
Forloine20 Crossover USA 27/23 18–57 3% mepivacaine with 2% lidocaine + 1:100,000 adrenaline in maxillary teeth Maxillary block 3.6 ml 4-minute cycles for 60 minutes at 1–4 minutes after injection using EPT SRA, PTI, PTP, AE
McLean21 Crossover USA 24/6 24–43 3% Mepivacaine with 2% lidocaine + 1:100,000 adrenaline in mandibular teeth IANB 1.8 ml 3-minute cycles for 50 minutes at 1–3 minutes after injection using EPT SRA, OTP
Hinkley22 Crossover USA 19/11 23–42 2% Mepivacaine + 1:20,000 levonordefrin with 2% lidocaine + 1:100,000 adrenaline in mandibular teeth IANB 1.8 ml 3-minute cycles for 50 minutes at 1–3 minutes after injection using EPT SRA, OTP
Replogle23 Crossover USA 25/17 18–39 3% Mepivacaine with 2% lidocaine + 1:100,000 adrenaline in mandibular molars IO 1.8 ml 2-minute cycles for 60 minutes at 1–2 minutes after injection using EPT SRA, PTI, PTP
Burns24 Cross-over USA 20/20 19–47 3% Mepivacaine with 2% lidocaine + 1:100,000 adrenaline in maxillary central incisors, lateral incisors and canines using computer-assisted injection system P-ASA 1.4 ml 4-minute cycles for 72 minutes at 1–4 minutes after injection using EPT SRA
Bradley25 Parallel Australia 131/128 5–14 3% Mepivacaine with 2% lidocaine + 1:100,000 adrenaline in maxillary and mandibular teeth Infiltration and IANB 1.8 ml & 0.8–3.6 ml Unclear SRA
Cohen26 Parallel USA Unclear Unclear 3% Mepivacaine with 2% lidocaine + 1:100,000 adrenaline in mandibular teeth diagnosed with irreversible pulpitis IANB 1.8 ml 1 minute after injection using DDM SRA
Kramp27 Parallel USA Totally 150 Unclear 2% Mepivacaine + 1:20,000 levonordefrin with 2% lidocaine + 1:100,000 adrenaline in maxillary and mandibular teeth Infiltration and IANB 0.3–0.6 ml for infiltration and 1.8 ml for IANB Unclear PTI
Nusstein28 Crossover USA 20/20 18–65 3% Mepivacaine with 2% lidocaine + 1:100,000 adrenaline in maxillary and mandibular teeth using the Wand Plus system P-ASA 1.4 ml 4-minute cycles for 72 minutes after injection using the EPT PTI, PTP, AE
Replogle29 Crossover USA 25/17 18–39 3% Mepivacaine with 2% lidocaine + 1:100,000 adrenaline IO 1.8 ml 2-minute cycles for 30 minutes after injection using EPT AE
Shi30 Parallel China 55/72 20–65 2% Mepivacaine + 1:100,000 adrenaline with 2% lidocaine + 1:100,000 adrenaline in maxillary and mandibular teeth Infiltration 1.8 ml 1, 3, 5 minutes after injection using the EPT SRA, AE, OTP
Chen31 Parallel China 11/7 18–60 Compared 2% mepivacaine + 1:100,000 adrenaline with 2% lidocaine + 1:100,000 adrenaline in maxillary teeth diagnosed with pulpitis or deep caries Infiltration 1.8 ml At 1, 3, 5 minutes after injection using the EPT SRA, AE, OTP
Wu32 Parallel China 17/43 12–70 2% Mepivacaine + 1:100,000 adrenaline with 2% lidocaine + 1:100,000 adrenaline in maxillary and mandibular teeth diagnosed with irreversible pulpitis Infiltration and IANB 1.8 ml/5.0 ml Unclear SRA
Li33 Parallel China 38/32 60–72 2% Mepivacaine + 1:100,000 adrenaline with 2% lidocaine + 1:100,000 adrenaline in maxillary and mandibular teeth diagnosed with irreversible pulpitis Infiltration 1.8 ml/5.0 ml 7 minutes after injection SRA, AE
Dong34 Parallel China 73/134 Mean 37.4 2% Mepivacaine + 1:100,000 adrenaline with 2% lidocaine + 1:100,000 adrenaline in maxillary molars diagnosed with acute pulpitis, chronic pulpitis. Infiltration and IANB 1.8 ml/5.0 ml Unclear SRA
Liu35 Parallel China 39/41 23–62 2% Mepivacaine + 1:100,000 adrenaline with 2% lidocaine + 1:100,000 adrenaline in maxillary and mandibular teeth that need pulp therapy or extraction Infiltration and IANB 1.7 ml/5.0 ml Unclear SRA
Xing36 Parallel China Unclear Unclear 2% Mepivacaine + 1:100,000 adrenaline with 2% lidocaine + 1:100,000 adrenaline in maxillary and mandibular teeth diagnosed with irreversible pulpitis or periodontal disease Infiltration and IANB 0.9–1.8 ml/5.0 ml At 1, 2, 5 minutes after injection SRA
Luo37 Parallel China 372/0 20–40 2% Mepivacaine + 1:100,000 adrenaline with 2% lidocaine + 1:100,000 adrenaline in maxillary molars that need extraction Infiltration and maxillary block 1.8 ml/5.0 ml Unclear SRA
Ge38 Parallel China Totally 57 Unclear 2% Mepivacaine + 1:100,000 adrenaline with 2% lidocaine + 1:100,000 adrenaline in mandibular molars diagnosed with chronic pulpitis Infiltration and IANB 1.8 ml/5.0 ml Unclear SRA, PTI
Xuan39 Parallel China 51/45 20–60 2% Mepivacaine + 1:100,000 adrenaline with 2% lidocaine + 1:100,000 adrenaline in maxillary and mandibular teeth that need prosthodontic therapy Infiltration and IANB 1.8 ml/4.0 ml Unclear SRA, PTI
He40 Parallel China 151/241 12–70 2% Mepivacaine + 1:100,000 adrenaline with 2% lidocaine + 1:100,000 adrenaline in maxillary and mandibular teeth diagnosed with irreversible pulpitis Infiltration and IANB 1.8 ml/5.0 ml Unclear SRA, AE
Zhou41 Parallel China 43/57 23–76 2% mepivacaine + 1:100,000 adrenaline with 2% lidocaine + 1:100,000 adrenaline in mandibular teeth that need pulp therapy or extraction IANB 1.5 ml/5.0 ml Unclear SRA
Jin42 Parallel China Totally 360 6–78 2% mepivacaine + 1:100,000 adrenaline with 2% lidocaine + 1:100,000 adrenaline in maxillary and mandibular teeth diagnosed with pulpitis or tooth trauma Infiltration and IANB 1.8 ml/5.0 ml Unclear SRA

IANB, inferior alveolar nerve block; SRA, success rate of anaesthesia; OTP, onset time of pulpal aesthesia; PTI, pain ratings for injection phase; PTP, pain ratings for postinjection phase; AE, adverse events; IO, intraosseous injection; P-ASA, palatalanterior superior alveolar injection.