TABLE 3.
Ecological niches in which plasmid-mediated high-level tigecycline resistance efflux pump gene have been detected.
| Country | Source of mobile tigecycline efflux pump gene-harboring organism | Mobile tigecycline efflux pump gene detected (organism) | Organism (sequence type) | Associated plasmid | Additional resistance factors | Contain genes encoding resistance against other last-resort antimicrobials | References |
| Vietnam | Humans and environment (urban sludge) | tmexCD3- toprJ3 (Klebsiella aerogenes) and tmexCD1-toprJ1 (K. pneumoniae) | ST4 and ST273 | IncFIB, IncHI1B and IncC-IncX1 and IS26 | blaNDM–4, blaCTX–M–14, qnrS1, aac(6′)-lb-cr and cfr | Yes | Hirabayashi et al., 2021a,b |
| China | Humans, food animal (chickens), food animal product (pork), and environment (chicken manure, chicken farm environment, slaughterhouse and sewage of food market) | tmexCD1-toprJ1 (K. pneumoniae and K. quasipneumoniae) and tmexCD2-toprJ2 (Raoultella ornithinolytica and Klebsiella pnenumoniae) | ST3447, ST37, ST1, ST11, ST180, ST236, ST1326, ST3332 ST967, ST147, ST896 and ST726 (mrkABCDFHIJ, kfuABC) |
IncFIB, IncFII, IncX4, IncFIA, IncHI5 IncHI1B, and IncHI1B-FIB |
mcr-1.1, mcr-8.1, mcr-8.5, mcr-10.1, blaDHA–1, blaCTX–M–3, blaIMP–4, blaNDM–1, blaOXY–1–3, blaCTX–M–15, blaTEM–1B, blaCTX–M–55, blaCTX–M–27, blaCTX–M–9, blaSHV–182, blaSHV–27, blaSHV–11, blaSHV–12, blaSHV–182, blaSHV–110, blaSHV–160, blaSHV–60, blaCTX–M–14, blaIMP–8 blaOXA–1, blaNDM–1, strA, strB, armA, aac(6′)-Ib-cr, aadA5, aac(6″) aac(6′)-Ib4,-IId, aph(3′)-Ia, aadA16, aac(3′)-IId, aph(6)-Id-cr, aph (6)-Id, aph(39)-IId, aph(39)-Ia, aph(3)-Ib, aac(3)-Iva, aph(6)-Ib, aph(4)-Ia, amrA, aph(3)-Ia, ant(3″)-Ia, aadA1, aadA2, aadA2b, arr3, ant(2″)-Ia, aph(39)-Ib, armA, aph(6)- Id, aph(39)-Ia, afrA27, mph(E), mph(A), msr(E), cmlA1, catB, qnrB4, qnrS1, oqxA, oqxB, qnrS1, qnrB52, qnrB2, sul1, sul2, sul3, dfrA1, dfrA14, dfrA12, dfrA27, dfrB4, cfr, rmtB, floR, fosA, fosA6, tet(A), cmlA1, catB3, qacE, ISEc28, ISEc29, ISEc59, IS903, ISCR1, IS1, IS26, IS903B, ISKpn47, ISKpn8, Tn5393, TnAs1, Int1, Int2 and rmtC, metal resistance gene clusters (silP-copG-cusA-cusB-cusF-cusC-cusR-cusS and copABCD) |
Yes | Lv et al., 2020; Sun S. et al., 2020; He et al., 2021; Peng et al., 2021; Qin et al., 2021; Wan et al., 2021; Wang et al., 2021b,g, 2022; Yang et al., 2021; Liu et al., 2022; Xiao et al., 2022; Xu et al., 2022 |
ST, Warwick multilocus sequence type of Klebsiella isolates.