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. 2022 Aug 1;9:938989. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2022.938989

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Copyright © 2022 Azam and Khan.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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(A–D) Biofilm cell adherence assay through CSLM. (A,B) show control EcN and K12 cells while the (C,D) show csgD-KD cells of EcN and K12. The control cells (A,B) robust biofilm and aggregated cells have high EPS content, while the csgD-KD cells show a reduction in the EPS contents, as well, as the cells seem to be dispersed. The images were taken on a 20-μm scale. (E–H) 3D confocal images are showing biofilm thickness. (E,F) show control EcN and K12 cells, while G,H show csgD-KD cells of EcN and K12. The csgD-KD cells show a reduction in the biofilm thickness as compared to the control cells. In this figure and 6 images were taken at a 20-μm scale and on 63X magnification.