Table 1.
General characteristics of participants.
| Characteristics | All samples (n = 4,275) | Reproductive duration (years) | p-values | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ≤30 (n = 1,143) | 31–33 (n = 1,176) | 34–36 (n = 1,042) | ≥37 (n = 914) | |||
| Age (years, mean ± SD) | 74.32 ± 5.72 | 74.41 ± 5.57 | 74.92 ± 5.90 | 74.11 ± 5.66 | 73.68 ± 5.65 | d, e |
| Education (years, mean ± SD) | 4.90 ± 4.41 | 4.01 ± 4.03 | 4.71 ± 4.36 | 5.28 ± 4.32 | 5.83 ± 4.77 | a, b, c, d, e |
| Marital status (n, %) | ||||||
| Married | 3,078 (72.0%) | 801 (70.1%) | 812 (69.0%) | 773 (74.2%) | 692 (75.7%) | None |
| Single | 7 (0.2%) | 2 (0.2%) | 2 (0.2%) | 1 (0.1%) | 2 (0.2%) | |
| Divorced | 48 (1.1%) | 13 (1.1%) | 10 (0.9%) | 14 (1.3%) | 11 (1.2%) | |
| Widowed | 1,142 (26.7%) | 327 (28.6%) | 352 (29.9%) | 254 (24.4%) | 209 (22.9%) | |
| Occupation (n, %) | ||||||
| Manual worker | 2,471 (57.8%) | 768 (67.2%) | 703 (59.8%) | 552 (53.0%) | 448 (49.0%) | a, b, c, d, e |
| Nonmanual worker | 1,804 (42.2%) | 375 (32.8%) | 473 (40.2%) | 490 (47.0%) | 466 (51.0%) | |
| Living states (n, %) | ||||||
| With children | 998 (23.3%) | 282 (24.7%) | 285 (24.2%) | 245 (23.5%) | 186 (20.4%) | None |
| With spouse | 2,714 (63.5%) | 722 (63.2%) | 726 (61.7%) | 677 (65.0%) | 589 (64.4%) | |
| Alone | 521 (12.2%) | 132 (11.5%) | 155 (13.2%) | 105 (10.1%) | 129 (14.1%) | |
| Others a | 42 (1.0%) | 7 (0.6%) | 10 (0.9%) | 15 (1.4%) | 10 (1.1%) | |
| Lifestyles (n, %) | ||||||
| Smoking (yes) | 192 (4.5%) | 56 (4.9%) | 68 (5.8%) | 36 (3.6%) | 31 (3.4%) | None |
| Drinking (yes) | 149 (3.5%) | 45 (3.9%) | 48 (4.1%) | 25 (2.4%) | 31 (3.4%) | None |
| Comorbidities (yes, n, %) | ||||||
| Stroke | 434 (10.2%) | 115 (10.1%) | 114 (9.7%) | 100 (9.6%) | 105 (11.5%) | None |
| DM | 684 (16.0%) | 151 (13.2%) | 179 (15.2%) | 198 (19.0%) | 156 (17.1%) | b |
| Heart disease | 755 (17.7%) | 218 (19.2%) | 207 (17.6%) | 181 (17.4%) | 149 (16.3%) | None |
| Hypertension | 2,285 (53. 5%) | 632 (55.3%) | 621 (52.8%) | 554 (53.2%) | 478 (52.3%) | None |
| Reproductive factors (mean ± SD) | ||||||
| Age at menarche (years) | 16.36 ± 2.25 | 17.58 ± 2.31 | 16.81 ± 1.86 | 15.87 ± 1.82 | 14.94 ± 2.02 | a, b, c, d, e, f |
| Age at menopause (years) | 49.33 ± 4.52 | 44.50 ± 3.87 | 48.90 ± 0.79 | 50.81 ± 1.88 | 54.11 ± 2.92 | a, b, c, d, e, f |
| Reproductive period (years) | 32.97 ± 5.03 | 26.93 ± 3.49 | 32.30 ± 0.79 | 34.94 ± 0.81 | 39.18 ± 2.25 | a, b, c, d, e, f |
| Num. of pregnancies | 3.19 ± 1.45 | 3.25 ± 1.40 | 3.27 ± 1.44 | 3.10 ± 1.40 | 3.10 ± 1.41 | None |
| Num. of parities | 2.60 ± 1.20 | 2.73 ± 1.15 | 2.74 ± 1.28 | 2.50 ± 1.15 | 2.40 ± 1.18 | b, c, d, e |
| C-MMSE (mean ± SD) | 24.53 ± 5.23 | 23.96 ± 5.19 | 23.78 ± 6.03 | 25.29 ± 4.71 | 25.36 ± 4.48 | b, c, d, e |
| ADL (mean ± SD) | 21.67 ± 5.46 | 21.79 ± 5.22 | 22.46 ± 7.11 | 21.12 ± 4.06 | 21.12 ± 4.47 | b, c, d, e |
SD, standard deviation; DM, diabetes mellitus; Num., number; C-MMSE, Chinese Mini-Mental State Examination; ADL, the activities of daily life.
Others mean the participants lived with other relatives or nannies or lived in a nursing home.
The p-values with significant difference (p < 0.05/6 = 0.008 after Bonferroni correction) were recorded as follows: (a) group: (≤30 years of reproductive duration) vs. group (31–33 years of reproductive duration); (b) group (≤30 years of reproductive duration) vs. group (34–36 years of reproductive duration); (c) group (≤30 years of reproductive duration) vs. group (≥37 years of reproductive duration); (d) group (31–33 years of reproductive duration) vs. group (34–36 years of reproductive duration); (e) group (31–33 years of reproductive duration) vs. group (≥37 years of reproductive duration); and (f) group (34–36 years of reproductive duration) vs. group (≥37 years of reproductive duration). Those variables without significant difference were not recorded.