Table 2.
General characteristics of participants by diagnosis.
| Characteristics | Healthy old adults (n = 2,565) | MCI (n = 1,224) | AD (n = 290) | DLB (n = 63) | VaD (n = 79) | ODs (n = 54) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years, mean ± SD) | 73.63 ± 5.44 | 74.57 ± 5.69*** | 77.12 ± 6.28*** | 75.90 ± 6.10** | 79.30 ± 5.84*** | 77.11 ± 5.36*** |
| Education (years, mean ± SD) | 5.27 ± 4.35 | 4.68 ± 4.48*** | 3.74 ± 4.50*** | 3.17 ± 3.71*** | 2.80 ± 3.32*** | 3.68 ± 4.54** |
| Marital status (n, %) | ||||||
| Married | 1,926 (75.1%) | 848 (69.3%)*** | 181 (62.4%)*** | 45 (71.4%) | 46 (58.2%)** | 32 (59.3%)** |
| Single | 5 (0.2%) | 1 (0.1%) | 1 (0.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) |
| Divorced | 20 (1.2%) | 16 (1.3%) | 2 (0.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) |
| Widowed | 604 (23.5%) | 359 (29.3%)*** | 106 (36.6%)*** | 18 (28.6%) | 33 (41.8%)** | 22 (40.7%)** |
| Occupation (n, %) | ||||||
| Manual worker | 1,498 (58.4%) | 671 (54.8%) | 176 (60.7%) | 552 (53.0%) | 47 (59.5%) | 36 (66.7%) |
| Nonmanual worker | 1,067 (41.6%) | 553 (45.2%) | 114 (39.3%) | 20 (31.7%) | 32 (40.5%) | 18 (33.3%) |
| Living states (n, %) | ||||||
| With children | 533 (20.8%) | 298 (24.3%) | 98 (33.8%) | 19 (30.2%) | 29 (36.7%) | 21 (38.9%) |
| With spouse | 1,722 (67.1%) | 738 (60.3%) | 150 (51.7%) | 36 (57.1%) | 43 (54.4%) | 25 (46.3%) |
| Alone | 289 (11.3%) | 173 (14.1%) | 39 (13.4%) | 8 (12.7%) | 5 (6.3%) | 7 (13.0%) |
| Others a | 21 (0.8%) | 15 (1.2%) | 3 (1.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (2.5%) | 1 (1.9%) |
| Lifestyles (n, %) | ||||||
| Smoking (yes) | 110 (4.3%) | 60 (4.9%) | 11 (3.8%) | 5 (7.9%) | 3 (3.8%) | 3 (5.6%) |
| Drinking (yes) | 91 (3.5%) | 46 (3.8%) | 9 (3.1%) | 2 (3.2%) | 1 (1.3%) | 0 (0.0%) |
| Comorbidities (yes, n, %) | ||||||
| Stroke | 229 (8.9%) | 120 (9.8%) | 31 (10.7%) | 9 (14.3%) | 31 (39.2%)*** | 14 (25.9%)*** |
| DM | 392 (15.3%) | 210 (17.2%) | 30 (10.3%) | 19 (30.2%)** | 31 (39.2%)*** | 2 (3.7%)*** |
| Heart disease | 446 (17.4%) | 209 (17.1%) | 27 (9.3%) | 15 (23.8%) | 37 (46.8%)*** | 21 (38.9%)*** |
| Hypertension | 1,369 (53. 4%) | 651 (53.2%) | 120 (41.4%) | 37 (58.7%) | 73 (92.4%)*** | 35 (64.8%) |
| Reproductive factors (mean ± SD) | ||||||
| Age at menarche (years) | 16.35 ± 2.22 | 16.26 ± 2.28 | 16.64 ± 2.34 | 16.98 ± 2.09* | 16.36 ± 2.46 | 16.64 ± 2.64 |
| Age at menopause (years) | 49.59 ± 4.38 | 32.76 ± 5.00*** | 48.35 ± 4.47*** | 49.35 ± 5.42 | 48.11 ± 4.51** | 50.02 ± 5.05 |
| Reproductive period (years) | 33.23 ± 4.81 | 26.93 ± 3.49** | 31.95 ± 4.68*** | 32.48 ± 5.09 | 31.99 ± 4.68** | 33.32 ± 4.90 |
| Num. of pregnancies | 3.08 ± 1.35 | 3.27 ± 1.44*** | 3.41 ± 1.57** | 3.64 ± 1.76** | 3.85 ± 1.77*** | 3.51 ± 1.46** |
| Num. of parities | 2.48 ± 1.11 | 2.68 ± 1.22*** | 2.98 ± 1.39*** | 3.10 ± 1.60*** | 3.44 ± 1.53*** | 3.04 ± 1.36*** |
| C-MMSE (mean ± SD) | 27.37 ± 5.23 | 22.76 ± 2.86*** | 14.00 ± 5.15*** | 14.83 ± 5.67*** | 13.39 ± 5.54*** | 14.24 ± 5.12*** |
| ADL (mean ± SD) | 20.00 ± 0.00 | 20.00 ± 0.00 | 34.18 ± 7.46*** | 33.73 ± 8.45*** | 36.27 ± 9.96*** | 36.02 ± 10.53*** |
The comparison between healthy old adults, MCI, AD, DLB, VaD, and ODs were calculated respectively, and the significant p-values were recorded as *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.
a
Others mean the participants lived with other relatives or nannies or lived in a nursing home.
SD, standard deviation; MCI, mild cognitive impairment; AD, Alzheimer’s disease; DLB, dementia with Lewy bodies; VaD, vascular dementia; ODs, other dementias; DM, diabetes mellitus; Num., number; C-MMSE, Chinese Mini-Mental State Examination; ADL, the activities of daily life.