Table 6.
Associations between dysglycemia or obesity and periodontal disease
| Reference number | Study conclusions | Odds ratio | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dysglycemia | 52 | Individuals with T2DM or pre-diabetes were found to have more teeth with at least one PPD ≥ 5 mm (P < 0.01) and more missing teeth (P < 0.01) compared with those with normoglycemia | |
| 54 | In both genders, those with periodontitis were more likely to have elevated FPG (≥110 mg/dL) compared with those with gingivitis or a healthy periodontium | 1.61 (F)1.13 (M) | |
| 53 | Elevated FPG (≥126 mg/dL) was shown to be the most important MetS component in association with periodontal disease, when adjusted for sociodemographic variables, oral and general health behaviours and oral health status | 1.43 | |
| 55 | After adjustment for confounders, insulin resistance (according to the HOMA index) was the only MetS component associated with severe periodontitis | 3.97 | |
| 46 | Elevated FPG (≥110 mg/dL) and elevated HbA1c (≥5.5%) were associated with the presence of periodontal pockets, when adjusted for age, gender and smoking | 1.9 (FPG)2.0 (HbA1c) | |
| 37 | Severe periodontitis (classified using the clinical criteria of Page & Eke) was associated with increased risk for elevated FPG (≥110 mg/dL) | 1.71 | |
| Obesity | 60 | Those who were overweight or obese had increased risk for periodontitis | 2.56 (OW)3.11 (OB) |
| 62 | In a systematic review and meta-analysis, it was shown that subjects who were overweight but not obese, obese, or overweight or obese, were more likely to have periodontitis than an individual of normal BMI | 1.27 (OW)1.81 (OB) 2.13 (OW or OB) | |
| 61 | In both genders, abdominal obesity was found to be the most important MetS component in association with periodontal disease | 4.3 (F)1.6 (M) | |
| 63 | Obesity was associated with increased risk for periodontitis, with the OR increasing with higher BMI | 1.35 | |
| 46 | Elevated BMI (≥25) was associated with the presence of periodontal pockets, when adjusted for age, gender and smoking | 1.6 |
BMI, body mass index; F, female; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin; HOMA, Homeostasis Model Assessment; M, male; MetS, metabolic syndrome; OB, obese; OW, overweight; PPD, probing depth; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus.