. 2020 Oct 27;67(1):20–28. [Article in French] doi: 10.1111/idj.12253

Table 6.

Associations between oral parafunctions and signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorder (TMD) and stressful life events

	Signs						Symptoms								Stressful life events
Variable	Pain/tiredness in masticatory muscles		Joint noise		Joint sticking		Clicking		Crepitation		TMJ tenderness		Muscle tenderness		Family-related problems		Lesson-related problems		Friend-related problems
Variable	CLCPI	CLWP	CLCPI	CLWP	CLCPI	CLWP	CLCPI	CLWP	CLCPI	CLWP	CLCPI	CLWP	CLCPI	CLWP	CLCPI	CLWP	CLCPI	CLWP	CLCPI	CLWP
Oral parafunctions
Biting pencil	0.018^*	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	–	0.010^*	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS
Biting fingernails	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	–	0.001^*	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	0.005^*	0.041^*	NS
Chewing ice, etc.	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	–	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	0.043^*	NS	NS
Taking games apart	NS	NS	0.022^*	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	–	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS
Opening bottle	0.027^*	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	–	0.010^*	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS
Jaw play	NS	NS	0.008^*	0.047^*	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	–	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS
Clenching/grinding teeth	0.007^*	NS	NS	0.007^*	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	–	0.025^*	NS	0.011^*	0.001^*	0.004^*	NS	NS	NS	0.001^*	NS
Chewing gum everyday	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	–	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS

CLCPI, children living in child protection institutions; CLWP, children living with their parents; NS, no significant association (P < 0.05); TMJ, temporomandibular joint.

indicates significant positive association (P < 0.05, chi-square test).