Table 1: Pharmacological Trials Included in this Review.
| Trial | Comparison | CKD Exclusion Criteria | Proportion with CKD (eGFR <60) |
|---|---|---|---|
| β-blockers | |||
| MERIT HF[15] | Metoprolol versus placebo | There were no exclusions relating to renal function or baseline serum creatinine | 1,469 (37.0%) |
| CIBIS II[18] | Bisoprolol versus placebo | Serum creatinine >300 μmol/l | 1,119 (42.1%) |
| Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor | |||
| SAVE[21] | Captopril versus placebo | Serum creatinine >220 μmol/l | 719 (32.9%) |
| SOLVD[23] | Enalapril versus placebo | Serum creatinine >250 μmol/l | 1,036 (41.0%) |
| CONSENSUS[22] | Enalapril versus placebo | Serum creatinine >300 μmol/l | - |
| Angiotensin II receptor blocker | |||
| CHARM[24] | Candesartan versus placebo | Serum creatinine 265 μmol/l | - |
| Val-HEFT[25] | Valsartan versus placebo | Serum creatinine >177 μmol/l | - |
| Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist | |||
| RALES[28] | Spironolactone versus placebo | Serum creatinine >250 μmol/l | 866 (52.0%) |
| EMPHASIS[30] | Eplerenone versus placebo | eGFR <30 ml/min | 912 (33.3%) |
| EPHESUS[29] | Eplerenone versus placebo in patients after MI | Serum creatinine >220 μmol/l | 295 (40%) |
| Sodium–glucose co-transporter 2 Inhibitors | |||
| DAPA-HF[36] | Dapagliflozin versus placebo | eGFR <30 ml/min | 1,926 (41.0%) |
| EMPEROR-Reduced[35] | Empagliflozin versus placebo | eGFR <20 ml/min | 1,978 (53.0%) |
| Angiotensin receptor and neprilysin inhibitor | |||
| PARADIGM-HF[37] | Sacubitril/valsartan versus enalapril | eGFR <30 ml/min | - |
| Ivabradine | |||
| SHIFT-HF[42] | Ivabradine versus placebo | Serum creatinine >220 μmol/l | - |
| Soluble guanylate cyclase stimulators | |||
| VICTORIA[52] | Vericiguat versus placebo | eGFR <15 ml/min or receiving renal replacement therapy | - |
| IV iron | |||
| FAIR-HF[46] | IV ferric carboxymaltose versus placebo | Excluded patients on renal replacement therapy | - |
| CONFIRM-HF[47] | IV ferric carboxymaltose versus placebo | Excluded patients on renal replacement therapy | - |
| EFFECT-HF[48] | IV ferric carboxymaltose versus placebo | Excluded patients on renal replacement therapy | - |
| AFFIRM-HF[45] | IV ferric carboxymaltose versus placebo | Excluded patients on renal replacement therapy | 580 (51.0%) |
CKD = chronic kidney disease; eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate; HF = heart failure.