Table 1.
Participant characterization and demographics
| ASD | SZ | TD | Group comparison | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (N = 42) | (N = 41) | (N = 55) | ||||
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Statistic | P-value | Post hoc | |
| Age | 26.8 (3.6) | 30.9 (3.8) | 29.1 (3.6) | F(2,135) = 13.3 | P < 0.001 | TD > ASD* SZ > ASD** |
| IQ (Estimated) | 111 (15.9) | 98 (13.9) | 113 (14.6) | F(2,135) = 12.6 | P < 0.001 | TD > SZ** ASD > SZ** |
| Gender (M/F)a | 34/8 | 29/12 | 28/27 | χ2(2) = 10.2 | P = 0.006 | HC/F+, ASD/M+ |
| Mean FDRMS (mm) Happy videos | 0.104 (0.033) | 0.105 (0.057) | 0.079 (0.022) | F(2,135) = 7.34 | P = 0.001 | ASD > TD* SZ > TD* |
| Mean FDRMS (mm) Neutral videos | 0.101 (0.027) | 0.102 (0.051) | 0.080 (0.029) | F(2,135) = 5.47 | P = 0.005 | ASD > TD* SZ > TD* |
| Mean FDRMS (mm) Sad videos | 0.103 (0.034) | 0.108 (0.058) | 0.081 (0.031) | F(2,135) = 5.99 | P = 0.003 | ASD > TD* SZ > TD* |
| ADOS Communication | 3.52 (1.29) | 2.61 (1.86) | 1.28 (1.03) | F(2,134) = 31.2 | P < 0.001 | ASD > TD** SZ > TD** ASD > SZ* |
| ADOS Social Interaction | 6.86 (2.14) | 5.39 (3.51) | 0.83 (1.44) | F(2,134) = 81.7 | P < 0.001 | ASD > TD** SZ > TD** |
| BVAQ Verbalizing | 21.9 (4.6) | 21.7 (5.5) | 19.2 (5.5) | F(2,133) = 4.16 | P = 0.018 | ASD > TD* |
| BVAQ Fantasizing | 18.0 (6.1) | 21.6 (5.3) | 20.0 (5.3) | F(2,133) = 4.54 | P = 0.012 | SZ > ASD* |
| BVAQ Identifying | 19.2 (6.1) | 19.2 (6.1) | 15.9 (4.7) | F(2,133) = 7.77 | P = 0.001 | ASD > TD* SZ > TD* |
| BVAQ Emotionalizing | 21.9 (3.3) | 22.2 (3.9) | 22.3 (4.0) | F(2,132) = 0.17 | P = 0.844 | _ |
| BVAQ Analyzing | 18.8 (4.3) | 19.9 (4.6) | 18.0 (4.4) | F(2,133) = 2.11 | P = 0.125 | _ |
| RMET | 24.5 (4.2) | 23.3 (4.4) | 27.3 (3.3) | F(2,133) = 13.4 | P < 0.001 | TD > ASD* TD > SZ** |
| BLERT | 17.0 (3.1) | 16.0 (3.8) | 17.7 (2.6) | F(2,134) = 3.47 | P = 0.034 | TD > SZ* |
| PANSS Positive | 11.9 (3.2) | 15.9 (4.6) | _ | t(71.6#) = −4.44 | P < 0.001 | SZ > ASD |
| PANSS Negative | 16.1 (5.4) | 19.1 (6.1) | _ | t(79) = −2.41 | P = 0.018 | SZ > ASD |
| PANSS General | 26.5 (5.8) | 31.5 (6.3) | _ | t(79) = −3.74 | P < 0.001 | SZ > ASD |
| Valence (Happy) | 6.80 (1.52) | 6.24 (1.58) | 6.67 (1.49) | F(2,134) = 1.54 | P = 0.218 | _ |
| Valence (Neutral) | 5.39 (1.41) | 5.28 (1.63) | 4.72 (1.28) | F(2,132) = 3.02 | P = 0.052 | _ |
| Valence (Sad) | 3.54 (1.38) | 3.68 (1.56) | 3.73 (1.42) | F(2,134) = 0.212 | P = 0.809 | _ |
Notes: ASD: Autism spectrum disorder, SZ: Schizophrenia, TD: Typically developed, SD: standard deviation, FDRMS: framewise displacement (root mean square), ADOS: Autism Diagnosis Observation Schedule, BVAQ: Bermond-Vorst Alexithymia Questionnaire, RMET: Reading the Mind in the Eyes Task, BLERT: Bell Lysaker Emotion Recognition Task, PANSS: Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale.
achi-squared test.
* P ≤ 0.0.05.
** P ≤ 0.0.001. IQ: Intelligence quotient, M: Male, F: Female.